Volume 10, Issue 2 (6-2025)
J Res Dent Maxillofac Sci 2025, 10(2): 111-124 |
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Ethics code: IR.SBMU.DRC.REC.1402.102
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Vazirizadeh Y, Mirmohamadsadeghi H, Behnaz M, Kavousinejad S. Development and Evaluation of a Convolutional Neural Network for Automated Detection of Lip Separation on Profile and Frontal Photographs. J Res Dent Maxillofac Sci 2025; 10 (2) :111-124
URL: http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-751-en.html
URL: http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-751-en.html
1- 1-Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. 2- Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute for Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
2- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3- 1-Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute for Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,dr.shahab.k93@gmail.com
2- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3- 1-Dentofacial Deformities Research Center, Research Institute for Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,
Abstract: (66 Views)
Background and Aim: Lip incompetence is defined as a habitual gap of more than 3-4 mm between the lips at rest, which can contribute to oral health issues and malocclusions. This study aimed to propose a deep learning-based model for automatic detection of lip separation on orthodontic photographs.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study employed a balanced dataset of 800 clinical images, comprising 400 cases of lip incompetence and 400 cases of lip competence. An auto-cropping technique based on averaged manual cropping coordinates was used to isolate the lip region. The cropped images were resized to 70×70 pixels and normalized before feeding into a novel attention-based residual connection convolutional neural network (ARN-CNN). The model incorporated both residual connections and attention modules to enhance feature learning and training stability. Data augmentation (e.g., rotation and scaling) was applied to improve generalizability. Training was conducted using 5-fold cross-validation, with an external test set to evaluate performance and reduce overfitting. Metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, receiver-operating characteristic curve-area under the curve (ROC-AUC), and a confusion matrix were used for performance evaluation.
Results: The ARN-CNN achieved 95% accuracy on the test set. For the competent class, precision was 0.97, recall was 0.94, and F1 score was 0.96. These values were 0.94, 0.96, and 0.95, respectively, for the incompetent class with an AUC of 0.98.
Conclusion: The ARN-CNN model effectively identified lip incompetence, highlighting the potential of deep learning to support orthodontic diagnosis through image-based analysis.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study employed a balanced dataset of 800 clinical images, comprising 400 cases of lip incompetence and 400 cases of lip competence. An auto-cropping technique based on averaged manual cropping coordinates was used to isolate the lip region. The cropped images were resized to 70×70 pixels and normalized before feeding into a novel attention-based residual connection convolutional neural network (ARN-CNN). The model incorporated both residual connections and attention modules to enhance feature learning and training stability. Data augmentation (e.g., rotation and scaling) was applied to improve generalizability. Training was conducted using 5-fold cross-validation, with an external test set to evaluate performance and reduce overfitting. Metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, receiver-operating characteristic curve-area under the curve (ROC-AUC), and a confusion matrix were used for performance evaluation.
Results: The ARN-CNN achieved 95% accuracy on the test set. For the competent class, precision was 0.97, recall was 0.94, and F1 score was 0.96. These values were 0.94, 0.96, and 0.95, respectively, for the incompetent class with an AUC of 0.98.
Conclusion: The ARN-CNN model effectively identified lip incompetence, highlighting the potential of deep learning to support orthodontic diagnosis through image-based analysis.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Malocclusion, Convolutional Neural Networks, Orthodontics
Type of Study: Original article |
Subject:
orthodontic
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