@article{ author = {Azizi, A and Lawaf, SH}, title = {Photodynamic therapy (PDT)}, abstract ={Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a comparatively novel therapeutic method involving a safe light source and a light-sensitive substance, termed as photosensitizers (PSs), such as methylene blue (MB), toluidine blue (TBO), sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine, chlorine derivatives, nontoxic indocyanine green (ICG), and curcumin (CUR). (1) The combination of a nontoxic PS with low-intensity visible light in the presence of oxygen develops reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are toxic and can cause oxidative damage to microorganisms and tumor cells. (2-4) PSs do not induce cytotoxicity but are activated by laser irradiation at a proper wavelength and develop ROS. (5,6)}, Keywords = {}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-3}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-303-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-303-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {KHodarahmi, E and Salari, MH and Azizi, A and Lawaf, SH}, title = {Discoloration of Vita Classical Shade Guide by Glutaraldehyde Disinfectant}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Shade guide discoloration after disinfection can interfere with the appropriate color selection for dental restorations. Since one of the most important issues for patients is the color of the final restoration, the discoloration of shade guides due to disinfectants will be important. Infection control is a definite and important matter in dentistry. Due to the contradictory results of studies on the effect of disinfectants on shade guide discoloration, this study aimed to examine the discoloration of the Vita classical shade guide by glutaraldehyde disinfectant.  Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, samples of A4, B4, C4, and D4 colors were selected from the Vitapan classical shade guide, 10 pieces each (40 samples in total). Three samples of each color were immersed in distilled water as a control while the other seven were immersed in a 2% glutaraldehyde disinfectant solution. The shade pilot spectrophotometer was used for colorimetry, which was performed at baseline and 24, 48, and 72 hours after the immersion. The color of the samples was evaluated based on the CIE Lab system. The data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. Results: The rate of color change (ΔE) of the samples was higher in the glutaraldehyde group than in distilled water (P<0.05). In addition, color change in both groups showed a significant difference at different times (P<0.05). Conclusion: The Vitapan classical color samples discolor by immersion in 2% glutaraldehyde disinfectant after 24, 48, and 72 hours, but this color change is not clinically detectable (ΔE<1).}, Keywords = {Color, Colorimetry, Dental Disinfectants, Discoloration, Dental Restorations, Spectrophotometry, Time Factors}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {4-13}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-293-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-293-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Sahaf, N and Ghasemi, M and Askarizadeh, N}, title = {Effect of Different Educational Methods on Oral Hygiene Status of 7-13-Year-Old Hearing-Impaired Children in Tehran}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Hearing impairment is a leading challenge in the education of deaf children. Compared to normal children, hearing-impaired (HI) children have poor oral health due to a lack of communication skills and effective health educations. This leads us to search for a proper method to educate these children. The present study aimed to assess the effect of different educational methods on the oral health of 7-13-year-old HI children in Tehran. Material and Methods: In this clinical trial, 76 HI children, aged 7 to 13 years, were selected from elementary schools of deaf children in Tehran according to the entry criteria. They were examined, and the baseline plaque and gingival scores were recorded using the Silness and Loe plaque index (PI) and the Loe and Silness gingival index (GI). The children were randomly divided into two groups; one group was educated using a dental model, and the other group watched a guided training video. Oral health education was reinforced two weeks later. Reexamination was carried out 4 months later. Data were statistically analyzed using t-test with SPSS version 20.0.  Results: There was a significant reduction in plaque and gingival scores in both groups after health education (P<0.05). The highest reduction in plaque and gingival scores was seen in the dental model group. Conclusion: In a comparison between the two educational methods (dental model and video), training using a dental model is more efficacious in improving the oral health of HI children. Continuous school-based oral health education programs for HI children need to be considered.}, Keywords = {Health Education, Oral and Dental Health, Hearing Impairment, Children}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {14-18}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-289-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-289-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {JaliliSadrabad, M and Sahraeeyan, Y and Sohrabpoor, F and Mirmohammadkhani, M and Sohanian, SH}, title = {Evaluation of Dysplasia in Oral Lichen Planus Patients of Oral Medicine Department of Semnan University of Medical Sciences from 2013 to 2018}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous disease, which is considered a precancerous condition. OLP is a multifactorial disease with no conclusive treatment. Timely diagnosis and treatment of oral lesions are necessary steps to prevent malignant transformations and severe complications of oral cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency and severity of malignant transformations in OLP. Materials and Methods: In this study, 2400 files of patients who presented to the Oral Medicine Department of the Dental School of Semnan University of Medical Sciences from 2013 to 2018 were evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS. Results: Forty patients (9 males and 31 females with the mean age of 45.2 years) were diagnosed with OLP (1.6%). The most common type of OLP was reticular (75%), and the least common was the ulcerative type. Since toluidine blue staining was positive for 4 patients (10%), a biopsy was done. The histopathological examinations showed one case with dysplasia (2.5%) and one case of carcinoma (2.5%). Conclusion: According to the results, carcinoma and dysplasia can develop in OLP patients. Regular follow-ups are strongly recommended for timely diagnosis and treatment of malignant transformations.}, Keywords = {Lichen Planus, Oral, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Mouth Neoplasms}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {19-23}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-296-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-296-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Tavakolinejad, Z and razeghi, HR and Sadeghi, M}, title = {Effect of Pretreatment with Fluoride, Chlorhexidine, and Mixed Fluoride-Chlorhexidine Gels on Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets: An Ex-Vivo Study}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Orthodontic patients are at an increased risk of caries due to difficulty in plaque control. Antimicrobial agents, such as fluoride and chlorhexidine, can be useful in preventing tooth demineralization. The present study aimed to determine the effect of fluoride and chlorhexidine gels and their mixture on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods: In this ex-vivo study, 70 premolars were divided into seven groups. The first group was considered as the control. The second, third, and fourth groups were first etched with 37% phosphoric acid and then pretreated with chlorhexidine, fluoride, and fluoride-chlorhexidine gels, respectively. The brackets were then bonded. In the fifth, sixth, and seventh groups, the enamel surface was etched after pretreatment, and then, the brackets were bonded. After mounting the teeth, SBS was measured using the Instron machine. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tamhane's T2 test (α≤0.05). Results: The mean SBS was 19.7 MPa in the control, 11.1±2.5 MPa in the second, 11.8±3.6 MPa in the third, 21±7.5 MPa in the fourth, 19.4±9 MPa in the sixth, and 14.1±6.7 MPa in the seventh group with no statistically significant differences. However, there was a statistically significant decrease in the mean SBS (8±5.2 MPa) of the fifth group (chlorhexidine before etching) compared to the control group (P=0.04). Conclusion: The use of fluoride and chlorhexidine can be recommended to orthodontic patients because of antibacterial and anticaries properties and no significant decrease in the SBS of orthodontic brackets (except when chlorhexidine is used before etching).}, Keywords = {Dental Bonding, Orthodontic Brackets, Fluoride, Chlorhexidine}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {24-29}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-297-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-297-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Rayyani, A and Zamanzadeh, M and Molavi, A}, title = {Knowledge and Practice of Dentists in Bandar Abbas Regarding Management of Pregnant Patients}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Pregnancy refers to a physiological process associated with body changes, including changes in the oral cavity. Therefore, dental treatments are an integral part of healthcare for pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and practice of dentists in Bandar Abbas, Iran, regarding the required measures during pregnancy in 2018. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 93 dentists in Bandar Abbas by completing a twenty-item questionnaire about the required measures during pregnancy. Data were analyzed using SPSS16. Chi-square test and t-test were used to statistically analyze the data at the significance level of 0.05. Results: The mean score of dentists' knowledge index was 43.86±8.66 (moderate). The level of knowledge was moderate for 59 dentists (63.4%), and only one had a low level of knowledge. In addition, 39 dentists (41.9%) had low, 49 (52.7%) had moderate, and only 5 (5.4%) had a high practice score. None of the demographic factors had a significant relationship with dentists' knowledge. Conclusion: Workshops and continuous educational programs are recommended to increase the knowledge of dentists regarding the required measures during pregnancy.}, Keywords = {Dentist, Knowledge, Oral Health, Pregnancy}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {30-35}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-291-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-291-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Shooriabi, M}, title = {Effects of Allium sativum (Garlic) and Its Derivatives on Oral Diseases: A Narrative Review}, abstract ={Garlic is present in the diet of most people around the world. Its use as a medicinal plant has been considered since ancient times and has been mentioned in documents obtained from the Egyptians, Greeks, Indians, and ancient Chinese. Garlic is generally known as a plant with antimicrobial, anti-fungal, anti-thrombotic, analgesic, anti-asthmatic, antipyretic, anti-hypertensive, anti-coagulant, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties; many of these properties have been proven by scientific research. The present study reviews the original articles published between 2000 and 2020, which investigated the role of garlic and its active ingredients in the treatment of oral diseases. The reviewed studies were often preliminary but their results reveal that garlic has potential therapeutic effects on oral diseases. These studies have provided promising results that advocate the addition of this plant or its compounds to dental health products. However, more detailed clinical and preclinical studies (at cellular and molecular levels) are needed to clarify the mechanism of action of garlic and its active ingredients, such as allicin.}, Keywords = {Allium sativum, Garlic, Oral Health, Oral Disease, Oral Lesion}, volume = {6}, Number = {1}, pages = {36-44}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-295-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-295-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Moshari, AA and Almasi, M and Bitaraf, T}, title = {Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of ProRoot MTA and Endocem at Different Times and Concentrations on Human Gingival Fibroblasts}, abstract ={Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity of ProRoot MTA and Endocem at different times and concentrations on human gingival fibroblasts. Materials and Methods: In this in-vitro study, ProRoot MTA and Endocem extracts with concentrations of 3, 6, 12, 25, and 50 mg/ml in the unhardened state (solution) at 24, 48, and 72 hours on human gingival fibroblasts were transferred to 96-well plates in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). For each material at any time and any concentration, three wells were used, and 90 samples were examined. Also, to calibrate the cytotoxicity measuring device at 24, 48, and 72 hours, 3 wells for positive control and 3 wells for negative control have been considered, which include a total of 9 positive control wells and 9 negative control wells. Samples were analyzed by MTT assay. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: In the present study, the samples in the two groups at different times and concentrations did not show a significant difference in terms of cytotoxicity (P<0.05). The highest cytotoxicity was related to Endocem at 24 hours and a concentration of 50 mg/ml, and the lowest was related to ProRoot MTA at 72 hours and a concentration of 6 mg/ml. Conclusion: According to the research, in general, the degree of cytotoxicity of Endocem is comparable to that of ProRoot MTA.}, Keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Endocem, ProRoot MTA, MTT Assay}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-299-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-299-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Sohrabi, M and Alirezaie, S and Amini, Sh}, title = {COVID-19 Awareness of 140 Dental Assistants in Tehran, Iran: A Cross-Sectional Survey}, abstract ={Background and Aim: The rapid outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China has led to a public health crisis. Dental professionals have a major role in preventing the viral infection cycle. This study targeted to investigate the knowledge of 140 dental assistants in Tehran, Iran, about COVID-19. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Tehran, Iran, using a 27-item questionnaire, which consisted of 7 multiple-choice questions about the demographic information of the participants and 20 multiple-choice questions about their awareness. The data were analyzed with multivariable generalized estimating equations (GEE) using student t-test. Results: A total of 140 participants (22 males and 118 females with a mean age of 29.40±6.21 years) responded to the questionnaire. The majority of respondents (91.4%) mentioned cough and fever as the main symptoms of COVID-19 infection. Tooth extraction and root canal therapy were mentioned as emergency treatments according to 98.6% of respondents. 89.3% of respondents chose phone calls as the best screening tool. The knowledge and attitude of participants showed a significant correlation with their educational degree. Conclusion: The knowledge of dental assistants about COVID-19 infection was fair. The participants’ awareness showed no correlation with their gender, work experience, place of occupation, and the specialty of the dentist that they assist.}, Keywords = {COVID-19, Dental Care, Knowledge}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {8-13}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-302-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-302-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Farnoosh, F and AnsariLari, H and Fatemi, M}, title = {Comparative Study of the Effect of Storage Environment Temperature on the Accuracy of Hygedent and Chromogel Alginate Impression Materials}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Considering the lack of sufficient and even contradictory studies on the effect of temperature-dependent dimensional changes of alginate before pouring, this study aimed to investigate the effect of storage temperature of Hygedent and Chromogel alginate molds on dimensional stability.  Materials and Methods: In this in-vitro experimental study, dimensional changes of two types of alginate were investigated indirectly by measuring a type III stone cast. Ninety molds of each alginate were obtained from a metal model and stored at 1±4, 1±25, and 1±40°C. The casting was performed 12 minutes, 1 hour, and 4 hours after impression taking. The molds were incubated with an approximate humidity of 100%. The diameter, width, and height of the gypsum casts were measured by a digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. Dimensional changes of two alginates in three separate directions were statistically analyzed by three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc test due to the significant difference. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in width changes at different temperatures, but regarding the diameter, there was a significant difference between 40°C Chromogel and 25°C Hygedent. Regarding the height, only 40°C Hygedent showed a significant difference at 4 hours compared to 12 minutes (P=0.000, 0.26, and 0.000, respectively). However, no statistically significant difference was observed in other temperatures and times (P>0.05). In most groups, dimensional changes of all samples were not within the clinical standard range (1%). Conclusion: It seems that the dimensional stability of Hygedent and Chromogel alginates is affected by storage temperature, pouring time, and type of alginate.}, Keywords = {Alginate, Temperature, Time, Dimensional Stability}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {14-21}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-300-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-300-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Moeini, SH and Rajabi, M and Naghibi, S and Bagherpour, A}, title = {Sinonasal Anatomical Variations: A Multidetector Computed Tomographic Study}, abstract ={Background and Aim: The paranasal sinuses are known for their complex anatomy and significant difference in size and shape. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anatomical variations of the paranasal sinuses in computed tomography (CT). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients over 18 years of age, who had undergone CT imaging in a private clinic, were screened for eligibility of participation. After excluding the patients with evident sinus pathology in CT, 501 cases were included. An experienced maxillofacial radiologist evaluated the CT images and extracted the frequency of variations using a standardized data collection sheet. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, independent samples t-test, and chi-square test were used for the statistical analysis. Results: Among the studied variations, septal deviation and Agger nasi, each with 336 cases (67.1%), and concha bullosa, with 240 cases (47.9%), were identified as the most common anatomical variations of the paranasal sinuses. The uncinate bulla showed a significant correlation with gender (P=0.036). Conclusion: Considering the remarkable prevalence of some important variations, which may increase the risk of complications in sinus surgery, CT evaluation of patients is recommended before surgical interventions in the sinuses.}, Keywords = {Anatomy, Paranasal Sinuses, Multidetector Computed Tomography}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {22-28}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-309-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-309-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimi, H and Sharifzadeh, S and Meftahpour, H}, title = {Role of Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Oral Cancer: A Review}, abstract ={Oral cancer is a major public health problem worldwide and is among the ten most common cancers. Despite the advances in research and treatment, oral cancer is still one of the major challenges in medical science. Common treatments for this cancer include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, as well as adjuvant photodynamic therapy (PDT). The aim of this study was to evaluate oral cancer and its treatment methods with an emphasis on the use of adjuvant PDT. The present study is a review performed by searching the articles published in the past 20 years (2000-2020) in Elsevier, PubMed, Springer, and Wiley databases with “oral cancer”, “photodynamic therapy”, and “treatment modalities” keywords. Research shows that PDT can be an effective way to treat oral cancer due to its few side effects and minimal invasion. However, accurate evaluation of the efficacy of PDT requires further studies.}, Keywords = {Oral Cancer, Tumor, Photodynamic Therapy, Surgery and Radiotherapy}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {29-35}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-307-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-307-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Eskandarion, S and Neshandar, M and Rokhshad, R}, title = {Classifications and Properties of Materials for Chairside Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing Dentistry: A Review}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Chairside computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) systems have become considerably more accurate, reliable, efficient, fast, and prevalent since 1985 when CEREC was introduced. The inceptive restorative material option for chairside CAD/CAM restorations was limited to ceramic blocks. Today, restorative material options have been multiplied and include metal alloys, ceramics, oxide ceramics, resins, and resin-matrix ceramics (RMC). This study aimed at making an overview of chairside CAD/CAM system materials and classifications. Materials and Methods: An electronic search of the literature was carried out mainly through PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Google databases. The search aimed at collecting all the relevant English articles from 1965 to 2020. Results: The analysis of the bond strength, fatigue resistance, flexural strength, elastic constants, microstructural characterization, accuracy, and clinical success of the materials showed variable outcomes. The marginal adaptation of resin ceramics has been reported to be comparable to that of lithium disilicate. It has been reported that the chairside CAD/CAM system using intraoral scanning is at least as accurate as the conventional method. Conclusion: Chairside CAD/CAM restorations are fast, reliable, predictable, effective, patient-friendly, and cost-effective treatment options. Design software and intraoral scanners have made the treatment procedure simple. Chairside individualization of dental restorations could help improve patient satisfaction. However, considering the limited long-term clinical data, future studies need to address the long-term clinical performance of chairside CAD/CAM materials.}, Keywords = {Ceramics, Computer-Aided Design, Surface Properties, Treatment Outcome}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {36-50}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-298-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-298-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Aghayan, SH and Rokhshad, R}, title = {The Art of Using Computer-Assisted Navigation Systems in Guided Implant Surgery: A Review}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) has been widely used in implant dentistry. Recent computer-guided dynamic navigation systems promise an accurate approach to minimally invasive implant placement. Robot-assisted surgery has been used in dentistry since 2017. The present study aims to review the properties, clinical outcomes, advantages, and limitations of navigation, robotics, and CAD/CAM in implant placement surgery. Materials and Methods: An electronic search of the literature was conducted mainly through PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases. Studies in the English language were considered for inclusion if they evaluated robotics, CAD/CAM, and navigation in implant placement. Finally, 21 articles were selected. Results: Guided implant surgery is assumed accurate, precise, and reliable; it also has a lower complication rate compared to freehanded implant surgery. Surgical guides could be indicated for patients with limited mouth opening, tight interdental spaces, a strong gag reflex, and distal implants. Several studies have reported that computer-assisted surgery improves the accuracy of implant placement. Expensive equipment, high costs, and gaps between the guides and drill bite are the disadvantages of digital implant placement. Conclusion: Computer-aided implant navigation systems can improve implant placement outcomes. Digital procedures have shown accurate outcomes in implant surgery. Despite the advantages of guided surgery, deviation of implant position from the planned position still occurs. However, improvements in digital dentistry are slowly overcoming these challenges.}, Keywords = {Dental Implants, Clinical Outcomes, Computer-Assisted Surgery, Robotics, Surgical Procedures}, volume = {6}, Number = {2}, pages = {51-62}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-306-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-306-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Jafarzadeh, M and Ehteshami, A and Shanaghi, AR and marzoughi, SH and Salari-Moghaddam, R}, title = {A Cross Sectional Study on Frequency of Malocclusion in 3 to 5- Year-Old Children in Isfahan, Iran}, abstract ={Background: Occlusion analysis in the primary dentition period can predict the occlusion of permanent dentition. This study aimed to assess the frequency of malocclusion in primary dentition period in 3 to 5-year-old preschoolers in Isfahan city, Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study analyzed the occlusion of primary teeth in 400 children between 3 to 5 years who were selected from 8 kindergartens in Isfahan city during 2019-2020. The dentition of children was clinically examined by a dental mirror and a tongue blade after obtaining consent from the parents. The children had all the primary teeth with no permanent tooth, and had no extraction in their treatment plan. The primary molar relationship, canine relationship, and anterior or posterior crossbite, overbite and overjet were all assessed and recorded. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: Of all, 82.75% of the children had flush terminal plane (FTP), 10.25% had distal step, and 6% had mesial step. Class I canine relationship had the highest prevalence (87%) followed by class II (8.25%) and class III (4%). The frequency of increased overjet was 14.25%. Deep bite (15%) was the most prevalent malocclusion. Anterior and posterior crossbite had 6.25% prevalence. Conclusion: Relatively high prevalence of malocclusion in our study population calls for in-time assessment of primary occlusion for timely detection and management of malocclusions in the primary dentition period to prevent their aggravation.}, Keywords = {Dental Care, Dental Occlusion, Malocclusion}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, doi = {10.52547/jrdms.6.3.1}, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-328-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-328-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Valian, A and Maghsoudlou, M and Roudbari, MS}, title = {Push-out bond strength of glass fiber posts with two universal adhesives in endodontically-treated teeth}, abstract ={Objectives: Attempts are ongoing to simplify the bonding procedure by decreasing the procedural steps. Universal adhesives were introduced to serve this purpose. This study aimed to evaluate the push-out bond strength of glass fiber posts in endodontically-treated teeth with two universal adhesives.  Materials and Methods: In this in vitro, experimental study, 22 single-rooted mandibular premolars were decoronated at their cementoenamel junction, endodontically treated and were randomly divided into two groups. The G-Premio Bond was used in the first and All-Bond Universal was used in the second group, according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Angelus fiber posts were cemented using RelyX U200 Automix self-adhesive resin cement. The roots were cut into 1-mm-thick sections perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tooth in the cervical, middle, and apical thirds. The push-out test was performed in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min, and bond strength values were recorded. The failure modes were also determined. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and linear mixed models. Results: The mean push-out bond strength was significantly higher in All Bond Universal than G-Premio Bond (P=0.036). Also, there were statistically significant differences in the push-out bond strength of adhesives in different parts of the root canal (P=0.039). All failures were type 4 in both groups (adhesive failure between the dentin and resin cement). Conclusion: All Bond Universal yielded superior push-out bond strength than G-Premio. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies with larger sample size are required for an evidence-based decision making. }, Keywords = {Bond Strength, Endodontically Treated Teeth, glass Fiber Posts, Push-Out Test, Universal Adhesive}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {8-17}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, doi = {10.52547/jrdms.6.3.8}, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-318-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-318-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {lesan, S and Khatibi, M and Firoozan, S}, title = {Salivary levels of uric acid, lactate dehydrogenase, and amylase in smokers versus non-smokers}, abstract ={Background and Objectives: Smoking is a hazardous habit with numerous adverse effects on oral health. It plays an important role in development of cancerous and precancerous lesions and periodontal disease. Saliva has an antioxidant system and several enzymes. This study aimed to assess the salivary levels of uric acid (UA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and amylase in smokers versus non-smokers. Materials and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 individuals (30 smokers and 30 non-smokers) at the Dental School of Islamic Azad University. The participants were requested to refrain from smoking, eating and drinking prior to saliva sampling. A minimum of 1 cc of unstimulated saliva was collected from each participant by the spitting method. The level of salivary LDH was measured by the DGKC method, the level of UA was measured by the uricase assay, and the level of amylase was quantified by the kinetic photometric method. Data were analyzed by t-test, Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and Mann-Whitney test (P<0.05). Results: The salivary level of UA was 1.35±1.2 mg/dL and 1.08±1.05 mg/dL in smokers and nonsmokers, respectively with no significant difference (P=0.08). The salivary levels of amylase and LDH were 44509±38062 U/L and 420±244 IU/L in smokers and 47299±29659 U/L and 538±350 IU/L in non-smokers, respectively, with no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: Despite the slightly higher level of salivary UA in smokers, the difference between smokers and non-smokers was not significant in any of the tested parameters.}, Keywords = {Uric Acid, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Amylase, Cigarette Smoking}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {18-22}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, doi = {10.52547/jrdms.6.3.19}, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-320-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-320-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {NooriNezhad, A and Salem, k and Zamanian, M and Aghaei, S}, title = {Comparison of Serum Vitamin D and Calcium Levels Between Children with Longer Than Normal Eruption Time of First Deciduous Tooth and Control Group}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Tooth eruption is a multifaceted physiological process, which can be delayed by factors such as malnutrition. This study aimed to compare the serum levels of vitamin D and calcium in infants with a longer than normal eruption time of the first deciduous tooth with the control group (normal eruption). Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, serum levels of vitamin D in 61 children with a mean age of normal dental eruption in Iranian children (8 months and less) were compared with 61 children with eruption age of more than 8 months. The children were matched in terms of age, sex, place of birth and residence, age of birth, birth weight, and other eruption-related items. Student's t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The first erupted tooth in all infants was the mandibular incisor. The mean serum level of vitamin D was 38.1±24.1 ng/ml in infants with eruption age of 8 months or less and 40.0±21.5 ng/ml in the group of eruption age over 8 months (P=0.63). Serum calcium level was 10.03±0.55 mg/dl in the first group and 9.92±0.57 mg/dl in the second group (P=0.28). There was no significant relationship between gender, maternal education, A+D supplementation, infant nutrition (breast milk, formula, and combination), and different levels of vitamin D (deficient, inadequate, adequate, and toxic) with the average age of eruption of the first deciduous tooth (P>0.05). Conclusion: It seems that serum vitamin D and calcium levels in this age group do not affect the eruption time of deciduous teeth.}, Keywords = {Eruption, Deciduous Tooth, Serum, Vitamin D, Calcium}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {25-30}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, doi = {10.52547/jrdms.6.3.25}, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-311-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-311-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Aminian, A and Tavakolinejad, Z and Ebrahimnejad, H and Azami, N}, title = {Alignment Efficiency of Open-Coil Spring Versus Conventional Technique in Relieving Anterior Crowding: A Single-Center Randomized Clinical Trial}, abstract ={Background and Aim: This study compares a new technique for teeth alignment to the conventional method. The teeth were aligned using an open-coil spring, i.e. simultaneous space opening and alignment, on round nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires. The purpose of this 2-arm parallel trial (1:1 allocation ratio) was to evaluate the alignment efficiency of conventional and open-coil spring techniques in anterior crowding treatment. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, sixty-two non-extraction patients (70 dental arches: 24 upper arches and 46 lower arches) with ≥3mm of Little’s Irregularity Index (LII) were recruited in two groups based on the minimization method. Blinding was applicable for outcome assessment only. In one group, the teeth were aligned using an open-coil spring, whereas the alignment in the other group was done conventionally, (space opening on steel wires followed by alignment with an auxiliary NiTi wire). The alignment duration was the primary outcome that was investigated for survival analysis and alignment rate ratios, and levels of crowding were calculated with Cox proportional hazard regression. The pre- and post-treatment intercanine widths were also recorded as the secondary outcome. The chi-square and t-test were used to compare other variables between the groups. The level of statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results: There was no significant difference in the alignment duration between the conventional (185.48±74.82 days) and open-coil (179.19±64.15 days) groups (P=0.725). No harm was detected using the mentioned methods. Conclusion: The use of open-coil spring over brackets on NiTi or steel wires does not seem to affect anterior crowding treatment time.}, Keywords = {Alignment, Anterior Crowding, Randomized Clinical Trial, Tooth Movement}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {31-39}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, doi = {10.52547/jrdms.6.3.31}, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-308-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-308-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Baharvand, Maryam and Shokri, Mehdi and Hassani, Sarah and Mirzaei, Homa and Mahdian, Mi}, title = {Antibacterial effect of coconut water and coconut oil on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans}, abstract ={Introduction: The antibacterial effects of coconut products have been extensively studied in the recent years. Due to the high prevalence of periodontal disease and the role of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) in periodontitis, antimicrobial agents can be effective in controlling this condition. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial effects of coconut water and coconut oil on A. actinomycetemcomitans. Materials and Methods: Coconut water was extracted by cracking a coconut and coconut oil was extracted by an oil-pressing machine by the cold pressing method at -50 ̊C. The disc diffusion test was carried out on 4 plates containing coconut oil, coconut water, positive control, and negative control to measure the diameter of growth inhibition zone. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. All tests were repeated 3 times. Result: Coconut oil in 100% concentration showed no antibacterial effect on A. actinomycetemcomitans in the disc diffusion test. Thus, the MBC and MIC were not determined for coconut oil. Coconut water demonstrated a bactericidal effect with 11, 9, and 0 mm growth inhibition zone diameter on 3 consecutive repetitions. According to independent t-test, a significant difference existed between the diameter of growth inhibition zone caused by coconut oil and positive control (P= 0.001). Conclusion: Coconut oil showed no antibacterial effect on A. actinomycetemcomitans, and the antibacterial effect of coconut water on A. actinomycetemcomitans was very weak.}, Keywords = {Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Coconut Oil, Anti-Bacterial Agents}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {40-46}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, doi = {10.52547/jrdms.6.3.40}, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-334-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-334-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Kar, P and Varghese, R and Agrawal, N and Jhaveri, H}, title = {Steroid as an Intracanal Medicament: An Advanced Review}, abstract ={Post-endodontic treatment pain is a major problem in dentistry. Around 80% of patients who present with preoperative pain due to endodontic treatment continue to experience the pain of some level following endodontic therapy. This pain, mostly linked to chronic inflammation, is due to bacterial toxins that signal the ingress of immune cells followed by the activation of various cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Countless classes of drugs have been studied to resolve this challenge. Glucocorticoids have been in use for more than fifty years owing to their potent anti-inflammatory effects. This paper aims to review the pharmacology and mechanism of actions of steroids as an intracanal medicament considering the indications, contraindications, and side effects.}, Keywords = {Ledermix, Triamcinolone, Postoperative Pain, Hydrocortisone}, volume = {6}, Number = {3}, pages = {47-51}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, doi = {10.52547/jrdms.6.3.47}, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-305-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-305-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Naseri, N and Babasafari, A and Jalalian, E and Mazaheri, A and Zarbakhsh, A}, title = {Effects of cyclic loading on screw loosening, vertical misfit, and microleakage at the fixture-angulated abutment interface}, abstract ={Background and Aim: This study assessed the effects of cyclic loading on screw loosening, vertical misfit, and microleakage at the fixture-angulated abutment interface. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study evaluated 12 implants in two groups (n=6). The implants were mounted in self-cure acrylic resin. The abutment screw was torqued to 30 N/cm by a digital torque-meter and re-torqued after 5 min. Six points at the fixture-abutment interface were inspected under a stereomicroscope (x75 magnification), and the distance between the two reference points was measured. Six implant-abutment assemblies then underwent cyclic loading (75 N, 1 Hz, 500,000 cycles) while the remaining six (control group) were stored at room temperature. The distance was measured again at the same 6 points after cyclic loading. Vertical misfit was calculated by subtracting the before and after values. The torque loss was measured by a digital torque-meter. The assemblies were then immersed in fuchsine and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Next, the abutment was unscrewed and the fixtures were cut in half. The penetration depth of fuchsine was measured at 3 points of each fixture half under a stereomicroscope at x75 magnification, and the mean of the six measurements (entire fixture) was reported as the microleakage score of each sample. Data were analyzed using t-test. Results: Cyclic loading significantly increased the misfit (P=0.001) and microleakage (P=0.01), and decreased the detorque value (P=0.04). No case of screw loosening was noted in any group. Conclusion: Cyclic loading significantly increases the vertical misfit, microleakage, and torque loss.}, Keywords = {Dental Implants, Dental Implant-Abutment Design, Dental Leakage}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {1-7}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, doi = {10.52547/jrdms.6.4.1}, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-322-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Ghaseminejad, R and Azizi, A and Fazlyab, M and Toursavadkouhi, S}, title = {Effect of Smear Layer on Penetration Depth of Methylene Blue and Curcumin into Root Dentinal Tubules}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Methylene blue and curcumin are effective photosensitizers for inactivation of bacteria. This study assessed the penetration depth of methylene blue and curcumin in presence/absence of smear layer into dentinal tubules. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two human central and lateral incisors were included in this experimental study. The initially prepared specimens were randomly allocated to 4 experimental groups: Group 1: methylene blue with smear layer, group 2: methylene blue without smear layer, group 3: curcumin with smear layer, group 4: curcumin without smear layer. Root specimens were sectioned by a diamond disc at 4 and 8 mm from the apex to obtain apical, middle, and coronal sections. The mean penetration depth was measured at the buccal, mesial, distal and palatal areas on cross sections. ANOVA was used to assess the effect of photosensitizer type, smear layer, and root level on penetration depth. Pairwise comparisons were performed by the Student’s t-test. Results: The maximum penetration depth was in the apical third in group 2 (0.98±0.25 mm) and the minimum penetration depth was in the coronal third in group 1 (0.21±0.15 mm); this difference was significant (P=0.001). Smear layer removal from the apical and middle thirds was correlated with higher photosensitizer penetration depth (P=0.000) but this difference was not significant in the coronal third (P=0.6). Curcumin had significantly greater penetration depth in presence of smear layer in all three parts compared with methylene blue (P<0.05). Conclusion: Curcumin can penetrate more into dentinal tubules than methylene blue in presence of smear layer.}, Keywords = {Curcumin, Dentin, Methylene Blue, Photosensitizing Agents, Smear Layer}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {8-13}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, doi = {10.52547/jrdms.6.4.8}, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-345-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-345-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Neshati, A and KouchakDezfouli, N and Sadafi, M and Omidi, Sh}, title = {Compressive Strength of Three Types of Heat-Cure Acrylic Resins: Acropars, Acrosun, and Meliodent}, abstract ={Background: Compressive strength of acrylic resin base is an effective factor on durability of a prosthesis. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the compressive strength of three different types of heat-cure acrylic resins.  Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 60 acrylic samples were fabricated from Acropars, Acrosun, and Meliodent acrylic resins (n=20 from each). The specimens were placed in a universal testing machine and force was applied until their fracture. The load at fracture was recorded as the compressive strength. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey’s test.  Results: The mean compressive strength was 80.6 ± 6.9, 85.6 ± 6.9, and 71.9 ± 5.3 MPa for Acropars, Acrosun, and Meliodent, respectively. The compressive strength of Acrosun was significantly higher than that of other groups (P=0.047). Conclusion: In general, the results showed that the highest and the lowest compressive strength values were related to Acrosun and Meliodent, respectively. These results indicated the optimal compressive strength of Iranian acrylic resins.}, Keywords = {Acrylic, Comprehensive Strength,PMMA,Heat Cure}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {14-17}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, doi = {10.52547/jrdms.6.4.14}, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-310-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-310-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Shahrakiebrahimi, H and MotameniTabatabaie, A and BakhshiMoqaddamFirouzAbad, S and Fereydonnia, Y}, title = {Apical Extrusion of Debris During Root Canal Preparation With Different Brands of ProTaper System}, abstract ={Background and Objectives: Complete debridement of the root canal system is imperative for successful endodontic treatment. This study compared apical extrusion of debris following the use of different brands of ProTaper system.   Materials and Methods: This in vitro experimental study was conducted on 80 extracted mandibular molars. After access cavity preparation, working length was determined by a #10 K-file. The teeth were mounted in an experimental setup as explained by Myers and Montgomery and were randomized into 4 groups (n=20) for root canal instrumentation with ProTaper Universal (PTU), Dia-PT file (DPT), PathMax Pro (PMP), and hand files. The root canals were irrigated with double distilled water after using 2 files. After preparation, the debris collecting tubes were separated from the setup. Debris adhering to root surface was also collected by rinsing the canals with 1 mL of double distilled water. The tubes were incubated at 70°C for 5 days. Dried debris was weighed and subtracted from the weight of empty tubes. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. Results: The extruded debris in PTU group was significantly higher than that of DPT and PMP groups (P<0.05). The extruded debris in DPT group was significantly lower than that in PTU and hand file groups (P<0.05). The extruded debris in hand file group was significantly higher than DPT and PMP groups (P<0.05). The extruded debris in PMP group was significantly lower than PTU and hand file groups. Conclusion: PTU caused maximum and PMP caused minimum extrusion of debris.}, Keywords = {Root canal Therapy, Smear Layer, Root Canal Preparation}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {18-22}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, doi = {10.52547/jrdms.6.4.18}, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-304-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-304-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {RashidiMaybodi, F and HaerianArdakani, A and KhabazzadehYazdi, M}, title = {Ethical Challenges Faced by Senior Dental Students and General Dentists}, abstract ={Background: General familiarity with medical ethics sometimes does not meet the needs of dentists. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ethical challenges faced by senior dental students and dentists. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 50 senior dental students and 50 dentists were selected from Yazd city, Iran. A questionnaire with three domains (demographic information, hypothetical scenarios, and some three-choice questions about ethical issues) was used to collect data, and the data were analyzed by the Chi-square test. Results: The mean age of students and general dentists was 24±2 and 30±2 years, respectively; 42% of the respondents were males, and 58% were females. Except for one item (dentist's right to refuse treatment) (P<0.05), no significant difference was found between the two groups (P>0.05). The most common challenges faced by the participants were compromising treatment due to cost issues (77.1% of students and 71.4% of dentists) and noticing sub-standard treatments performed by other dentists (64% of students and 58% of dentists). Unawareness about the right way to criticize other dentists was the least commonly reported challenge (28% of students and 36.7% of dentists). A significant difference was found in the frequency of encountering sub-standard treatments performed by other dentists between the two groups (P=0.031). A significant difference in the frequency of a particular challenge between males and females was seen only in one item (disagreement with other colleagues on the appropriate treatment plan) and only in the students’ group (P= 0.040). Conclusion: This study showed that dental practitioners had faced a variety of ethical challenges, that need to be addressed in dental education. However, the results of this study may not be generalizable to other cities.}, Keywords = {Ethics, Medical, Students, Dental, Dentists, Education}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {23-29}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, doi = {10.52547/jrdms.6.4.23}, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-346-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-346-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {AghaeiGh.A, E and Vahedi, M and Alaee, A}, title = {A review about oral health and dental care among the aged population}, abstract ={Backgrounds and Aim: The population of the elderly is growing, and oral health of this specific population is suboptimal because the prevalence of caries, xerostomia, edentulism, and oral cancer has increased among them. Impaired oral health may cause many problems and negatively affect the quality of life (QoL). Due to the increased need for preventive and restorative dental procedures with aging, effective strategies must be implemented in this respect. Thus, it is necessary to assess the oral health status and dental care needs of the geriatric population. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted for studies published between 2015 and 2020 in the PubMed, Nature, Wiley, Science Direct and Google Scholar. Of 72 articles identified, 26 articles that were case reports and case series or had irrelevant titles or keywords were excluded, and 46 articles remained for data extraction. Results: The most common oral problems in the elderly included xerostomia, oral pain, impaired deglutition, and mastication problems. Also, they suffered from edentulism, orofacial pains, pneumonia, and cognitive problems. Thus, they may need special dental care. Conclusion: Provision of dental care must be promoted to ensure that older people have appropriate access to oral health services. Many items affect the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of the elderly. Thus, dentists, dental hygienists, caregivers, and geriatricians must focus on improving the elderly’s oral health status. Oral health promotion programs in the elderly can decrease their oral problems and improve their OHRQoL.}, Keywords = {Oral Health, Aged, Dental Care, Preventive Health Services}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {30-38}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, doi = {10.52547/jrdms.6.4.30}, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-321-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-321-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} } @article{ author = {Baghizadeh, S and Aghayan, SH and Rahati, Z and Ebrahimi, K}, title = {The efficacy of herbal medicine on gingival and periodontal diseases: a review}, abstract ={Background and Aim: The most common etiology of gingivitis is accumulation of bacterial plaque. The complete removal of microbial plaques by mechanical procedures is not possible in some situations, for example the aged and disabled patients, might not be capable of removing the bacterial plaques properly. And also chemical mouthwashes have some adverse effects. Therefore, finding a new treatment approach would be helpful. Global focus on the use of herbal medicine in the treatment of different health conditions has been rising. Present study aimed at searching and gathering scientific evidence of medicinal herbs to treat gingivitis and periodontitis. Materials and Methods: This article is a review of an electronic search of the literature which was conducted mostly through PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Wiley online library databases. Studies were considered for inclusion if they evaluated medicinal herbs affecting gingival and periodontal inflammation or periodontal pathogens.197 full text article were evaluated and finally, based on the inclusion criteria 22 articles were selected.   Results: There are various medical herbs with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, which can significantly reduce gingival and periodontal inflammation, bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD) and levels of major periodontal pathogens and promote clinical attachment level (CAL) gain. Conclusion: Introduced herbal products could be an efficient and safe alternative to chemical products.}, Keywords = {Anti-inflammatory agents, Gingivitis, Herbal, Mouthwashes, Periodontal Diseases}, volume = {6}, Number = {4}, pages = {39-47}, publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch }, doi = {10.52547/jrdms.6.4.39}, url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-329-en.html}, eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-329-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences}, issn = {2588-4166}, eissn = {2383-2754}, year = {2021} }