@article{ 
author = {Lesan, S and Goudarzi, N and Heidarnezhad, H and HassanGalyaie, M},  
title = {Comparison of the Prevalence of Geographic Tongue in Asthmatic Patients and Healthy Subjects in Masih Daneshvari Hospital in 2014}, 
abstract ={Background and aim: Geographic tongue is a recurrent disorder with several associated etiologies. It is believed to be a common occurrence in the patients suffering from recurrent, acute inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of geographic tongue between asthmatic patients and healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on 80 asthmatic patients and 80 healthy controls. The asthmatics were selected from among the patients presenting to Masih Daneshvari hospital with a confirmed diagnosis of asthma, while the healthy controls were selected from among patients' companions. The case and control subjects were matched according to age, sex and cigarette smoking status. The presence of geographic tongue was evaluated in the subjects by clinical examination and also by using a questionnaire. The data were entered into SPSS software version 22 and were evaluated using Chi-Square test. Results: The prevalence of geographic tongue was 21.2% (n=17) in the asthmatic patients and 5% (n=4) in the healthy controls. A significant association was found between asthma and occurrence of geographic tongue (P<0.002). The incidence of geographic tongue in the asthmatics was 4.2 times greater than that in the healthy individuals with a relative risk (RR) equal to 4.2 and an attributable risk (AR) of 16%. In both groups, the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the tongue were more commonly affected than the ventral surface. No significant association was found between the involvement of a specific tongue surface and asthma (P=0.748). Conclusion: According to the results, the asthmatic patients showed a significant higher prevalence of geographic tongue compared with the healthy controls.},  
Keywords = {Asthma, Geographic tongue, Prevalence},
volume = {2},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {1-5}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.1.1},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-146-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-146-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Rahrotaban, S and Samani, S and Jolehar, M and Badie, F},  
title = {Comparison of the Expression Intensity of Estrogen Receptor Marker in Oral and Cutaneous Pemphigus Vulgaris}, 
abstract ={Background and aim: Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune disorder that can clinically manifest as oral mucosal ulcers. Several researchers believe that the level of female sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone could be effective in the pathogenesis and growth of lesions such as desquamative gingivitis. Studies related to oral ulcers have revealed contradictory results regarding the presence of estrogen in the gingiva and salivary glands. Therefore, the main objective of this research was the evaluation and comparison of estrogen receptor (ER) expression in oral and cutaneous PV. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, immunohistochemical staining was performed on 40 Paraffin blocks of oral and cutaneous PV. Staining intensity was investigated. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test, Fisher test and T-test using SPSS 18 software. Results: The mean age of the patients equaled 38.3±11.8 and 42.8±11.3 years in oral and cutaneous PV, respectively. The most common sites of ER expression were the buccal mucosa (55%), trunk (21.1%) and scalp (21.1%). Positive ER expression in oral and cutaneous PV was found in 35% and 89.4% of the cases, respectively. Also, there were significant differences in ER expression intensity between cutaneous and mucosal PV (P=0.001). There was no significant correlation between sex, age and ER expression in cutaneous and oral PV Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that there were significant differences in the intensity of ER expression between cutaneous and mucosal PV.},  
Keywords = {Pemphigus Vulgaris, Estrogen receptor, oral lesions},
volume = {2},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {6-10}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.1.6},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-127-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-127-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {hafezi, L and Zareei, A and Bayat, S and Majidi, G and Aliyali, AR},  
title = {Efficacy of the Edge Enhancement Filter of Digital Radiography in the Detection of Proximal Enamel Caries in Premolars}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Considering the significance of the detection of proximal caries and the limited information available on the diagnostic value of digital radiography after the use of enhancement filters, this in-vitro study sought to compare the diagnostic value of digital radiography with and without the use of the edge enhancement (EE) filter in the detection of proximal enamel caries in premolars. Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted on 80 extracted intact human premolars. Every two teeth were mounted in a single block using putty impression material and every two blocks were placed in articulation. Digital bitewing radiographs were taken and saved twice, once in their original form and once after the application of the EE filter. Afterwards, a cavity was prepared on the proximal surface of one of the teeth (chosen randomly) in each block using a bur and then, the tooth was put back in the block. Digital bitewing radiographs were taken again with the same exposure settings. The 80 final images were printed on radiographic films and were evaluated by three oral and maxillofacial radiologists. The results were compared with the gold standard (the cavities formed by a bur). The data were statistically analyzed by Chi-square test. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy were 75%, 87.5%, 85.7%, 77.7% and 81.2%, respectively in the original digital radiographs and 80%, 95%, 94.1%, 82.6% and 87.5%, respectively in the enhanced images. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P=0.7, P=0.3, P=0.3, P=0.7, P=0.3). Conclusion: Application of the EE filter does not improve the diagnostic accuracy of radiographs in the detection of proximal enamel caries.},  
Keywords = {Keywords: Dental Digital Radiography, Dental Caries, Radiographic Image Enhancement, Software Tools},
volume = {2},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {11-16}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.1.11},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-142-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-142-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shirazian, SH and Mansourian, AR and Vatanpour, M and Khezrahdoust, S},  
title = {Comparison of the Amount of Time Allocated by General Dentists and Senior Dental Students to Obtain the History of the Patient’s Present Illness}, 
abstract ={Background and aim: Gathering information about the patient's present illness by allocating adequate time to detect the main reason of referral is of utmost importance. This is mostly related to the manner of communication and interaction with the patient and active listening to his/her statements. Registering the information related to the illness and its history has an effective role in patient satisfaction, treatment outcomes, and dental expenses and even in lawsuits against practitioners. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the average time allocated by general dentists and senior dental students of the dental school of Tehran University of Medical Sciences to obtain the history of the patient's present illness during 2012-2013. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 60 senior dental students of the dental school of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and 60 general dentists that had been graduated at least five years ago were selected. Each of them randomly selected three patients and recorded the patients' demographics such as age, gender, education level, and the chief complaint or the main reason of the patient's visit. The duration of the patient's statements regarding the present illness and its history was recorded in seconds in the designed questionnaire. Afterwards, the data were analyzed using T-test and Mann-U-Whitney, Kendall-tau and Chi-square tests. Results: The average interview time in the students and dentists groups was 24.41±9.17 seconds and 27.9±7.82 seconds, respectively, which were significantly different according to T-test (p=0.003). Generally, the longest allocated time equaled 49 seconds, while the shortest interview duration was 6 seconds. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that dentists do not allocate the necessary and adequate time to gather information about the chief complaint and the history of the patient's reason of referral to guide them towards the correct diagnosis and suitable treatment method, and even the passage of time and the level of experience have no effect on this issue.},  
Keywords = {Medical history,
listening,
illness},
volume = {2},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {17-24}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.1.17},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-150-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-150-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Atai, Z and Navabi, N and khoshroo, SMR and Asadi, L},  
title = {Descriptive Analysis of the Medical Consultations Conducted in the Dental School of Kerman University of Medical Sciences}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Medical consultations have an important role in dental diagnosis and treatment planning, and are indicated for patients with uncertain medical histories. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the medical consultations conducted for a group of patients in need of dental treatments. Materials and Methods: in this cross-sectional study, 173 medical consultation requests were reviewed at the diagnosis and oral medicine department of the dental school of Kerman University of Medical Sciences during 2014-2015. The demographic data, reasons for consultation, and medical precautions were descriptively analyzed. Results: The mean age of the patients was 37.3±6.5 years, and 64.2 % of the subjects were females. The main reasons for medical consultations were hypertension (28.9 %) and cardiovascular assessment (19.7%). The main dental concerns included the need for preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis (7.5%) and the use of local anesthesia without epinephrine (19.7%). Conclusion: Medical consultations reduce the medical risks associated with dental procedures and unnecessary antibiotic prophylaxis. Good communication between dentists and physicians is essential for satisfactory patient care},  
Keywords = {Medical consultation,
Dental clinics,
Patient care planning},
volume = {2},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {25-29}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.1.25},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-147-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-147-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Hoorizad, M and Heshmat, H and Hedayat, Niloofar},  
title = {Evaluation of the Effect of Teeth Whitening Strips on Dental Plaque pH}, 
abstract ={Background and aim: the present study aimed to assess the effect of teeth whitening strips on dental plaque pH in vivo. Materials and Methods: This in vivo experimental study was conducted on 21 individuals, who were requested to use Crest 3D whitening strips for 30 minutes once a day and for 14 days according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Dental plaque pH was measured using GC plaque indicator kit at baseline (before using the strip), immediately after use (upon removal of the strip), and 30 minutes after the treatment at days one, seven and 14 following the onset of bleaching treatment. The data were analyzed using Freidman test, while Dunn's post-hoc analysis was used for complete comparison. Results: At days one, 7 and 14, the plaque pH decreased immediately after the completion of the treatment compared to the baseline value, and this reduction was statistically significant (p=0.001). The pH increased to the baseline value after 30 minutes. The plaque pH decreased at the 14th day in comparison with the first day, and this reduction was statistically significant (p=0.008). Conclusion: the results of the present study showed that application of whitening strips decreases the plaque pH immediately after the completion of the treatment; however, 30 minutes after strip removal, the pH reaches the baseline level. The plaque pH decreased during the two-week treatment period; however, it did not reach the critical pH.},  
Keywords = {Keywords: Tooth Bleaching, Dental Plaque, Acids},
volume = {2},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {30-35}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.1.30},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-144-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-144-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Vatanpour, M and Azimi, CH and Masoumi, Z},  
title = {Study of the Knowledge of Elementary School Health Teachers of Tehran City on How to Control Students’ Teeth Injuries at School in}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Dental injuries are one of the common problems in children. Considering that nowadays, more attention is being paid to dental health and that school health teachers play a key role in the management of dental injuries, this research was designed with the aim of determining the extent of the knowledge of elementary school health teachers of Tehran city on how to control students’ teeth injuries at school. Materials and Methods: This research is a cross-sectional study. The questionnaires were given to 280 elementary school health teachers in Tehran city. Of the 280 questionnaires, 216 were answered (77.14%). Data were collected and statistical analysis was performed using descriptive statistics methods and inferential statistics test in two study populations, chi-square independence and Spearman correlation coefficient with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Receiving medical emergency training courses affected the responses to the questions regarding the maximum time to restore the teeth to their location (p = 0.001), and the most appropriate action in case of altered consciousness (p = 0.05). Receiving dental emergency training courses had no impact on the responses to any of the other questions (p = 0.231). According to Spearman correlation test results, there was a weak reverse significant correlation between age and the question regarding the most appropriate way to reposition the teeth in this case (p = 0.031 and correlation coefficient = - 0.157), and between work experience and the question regarding distinguishing the tooth type (p = 0.042 and correlation coefficient = - 0. 153). Conclusion: the results indicated that the knowledge of these teachers is not adequate, and that there is a need for education regarding the management of dental injuries. Furthermore, there is no significant correlation between the responses to the questionnaire and receiving dental emergency training courses.},  
Keywords = {knowledge, primary school teachers, Dental injuries},
volume = {2},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {36-41}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.1.36},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-152-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-152-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Lesan, S and Hajifattahi, F and Rahbar, M and Mohammadi, S},  
title = {The Effect of Probiotic Yoghurt on the Frequency of Salivary Candida}, 
abstract ={Background and aim: Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal disease, and it is often considered as a local opportunistic infection. Oral candidiasis is usually treated with local use of antifungal medications. Since probiotic bacteria have the ability to inhibit the growth of pathogens and modulate human immune responses, they could provide new possibilities in antifungal therapy. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of probiotic yoghurt on the frequency of salivary candida. Materials and methods: This randomized double-blind crossover clinical trial involved 34 healthy adults divided to two groups: 17 subjects in case group (probiotic yoghurt) and 17 subjects in control group (regular yoghurt). At the beginning of the experiment and after 3 weeks of intervention (consumption of regular or probiotic yoghurt), saliva samples were collected from both groups and candida colonies were counted. After a two-week wash out period, the groups were interchanged (crossover study design), and the sampling process was repeated. The data were analyzed using Mann-U-Whitney and Chi-square tests. The level of significance was set at p<0/05. Results: Variations of salivary candida equaled 1.8±9.3 cfu/ml in regular yoghurt group and -3.8±7.9 cfu/ml in probiotic yoghurt group (p=0.01). The amount of salivary candida decreased in 47% of the cases in probiotic yoghurt group and in 29.4% of the cases in regular yoghurt group (p=0.07). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that short-term consumption of probiotic yoghurt decreases the frequency of salivary candida colonies after 3 weeks.},  
Keywords = {Oral candidiasis, probiotic, probiotic yoghurt},
volume = {2},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {1-7}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.2.1},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-148-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-148-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Sadeghi, R and Semyari, H and Mirzaei, AR and Sheikhnezhad, H and Shanei, F and Zohri, Z},  
title = {The Effects of Diode Laser as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing on Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis: A Review of the literature}, 
abstract ={Background and aim: The most common form of periodontitis is chronic periodontitis, which is a destructive inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues and is usually associated with pocket formation, changes in density and height of alveolar bone, and sometimes gingival recession. Some patients are resistant to periodontitis treatment due to a weak immune system, smoking, and sometimes due to unknown reasons. Moreover, surgery is impossible in some cases; therefore, clinicians have to approach alternative methods such as laser therapy to achieve successful treatment outcomes. Since there are great differences among the results of previous clinical trials, a review study to investigate the materials and methods section of these studies seems necessary in order to find the reason of the controversies. The methodology of all the intervention studies that have evaluated the effect of diode laser on periodontitis treatment from 1997 to 2017 were examined and the results were reported. Conclusion: randomized controlled trials should comply with the correct protocol. All the details of the treatment protocol and severity of periodontitis should be recorded in order to achieve reliable results. It can be concluded that the results of some of the reviewed studies are not reliable.},  
Keywords = {Chronic periodontitis, Laser, Microbiology, Treatment},
volume = {2},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {8-15}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.2.8},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-153-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-153-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Seyedakhavan, P and Sayahpour, S and Momeni, H and Kharazi, MJ},  
title = {Effect of Fluoride Gel and Foam on Salivary Fluoride Concentration}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Many studies have shown that various fluoride-containing products can change salivary fluoride concentration. Nowadays, different kinds of topical fluoride gels and foams are used to prevent dental caries. The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary fluoride concentration following the application of 3 different fluoride containing materials at different follow-up intervals. Materials and Methods:  In this cross over clinical trial, 12 dentistry students with the mean age of 25.66±2.4 years participated. They had no dental caries or fluoride-containing restorations, and they had not received any kind of fluoride treatment ,recently. Each participant was entered in 3 intervention sessions in which Topexâ APF gel, Topexâ APF foam and Cina APF gel were applied followed by a one-week washout period. Before starting the treatment, unstimulated saliva samples were collected. Saliva samples were also collected at 1, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after the treatment, and fluoride concentrations were evaluated by using the ion specific electrode method. Data were analyzed by the use of Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn multiple comparison tests. Results: Salivary concentration was in the maximum range at minute one, after using each type of fluoridated products evaluated in this survey, and it decreased gradually to minute 60. There was a significant statistical difference in fluoride concentration at minutes 1 and 60 after using Topex âAPF gel in comparison with Topexâ APF foam and Cina APF gel. Furthermore, significant statistical differences in salivary fluoride concentration were reported following the application of Topexâ APF gel, Cina APF gel and Topexâ APF foam (p<0.001). There were no significant differences between Cina APF gel and Topex âAPF foam. Conclusion: The results of the present study revealed that Topex âAPF foam at minute one and Cina APF gel at minute 60 induced higher salivary fluoride concentrations in comparison with the other studied fluoride-containing products.  },  
Keywords = {Saliva, Fluoride concentration, Fluoride gel, Fluoride foam},
volume = {2},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {16-22}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.2.16},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-157-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-157-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {kazeroonizadeh, N and Kazemian, M and Mirzakoochakibrojen, P},  
title = {An In-Vitro Study of the Antibacterial Efficacy of Cavity Liners Against Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacillus Casei}, 
abstract ={Background and aim: The main factor that influences the durability of dental restorations is secondary caries. Antibacterial activity of dental materials is important from the clinical aspect, as it might inhibit recurrent caries. The aim of the present study was to compare the antibacterial activity of four fluoride-releasing dental cavity liners against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacillus casei (L. casei). Materials and methods: In this experimental in-vitro study, the agar diffusion test was used to compare the antibacterial efficacy of four dental cavity liners against S. mutans and L. casei. Indicator strains of S. mutans (ATCC35668) and L. casei (ATCC393) were obtained in the form of lyophilized culture. They were grown separately in 15 ml of Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) agar at 37 °C for 48 hours. Antibacterial activities of Ionobond (VOCO), Ionoseal (VOCO), Ionosit (DMG), and Vitrebond (3M) dental cavity liners were evaluated at 24 and 48 hours and at 7 days by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone in millimeters (mm). Data were collected and analyzed using the repeated measure ANOVA and T-test. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Results: The antibacterial efficacy of the four studied dental cavity liners differed at different time intervals (p<0.001), but there were no statically significant differences in the antibacterial activity against the two bacteria types (p=0.342), or between the four types of dental cavity liners (p=0.07). Conclusion: According to the results of the present research, the antibacterial activities of Ionobond, Ionoseal, Ionosit and Vitrebond dental cavity liners were not significantly different and decreased over time.},  
Keywords = {Dental liners, Antibacterial effect, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, Fluoride-releasing dental materials},
volume = {2},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {23-28}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.2.23},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-156-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-156-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Sadri, D and Farhadi, S and Mohammadi, M and Seyedpour, SM},  
title = {Frequency of Technical Errors in the Biopsy Samples Submitted to an Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Laboratory}, 
abstract ={Background and aim: Following a correct biopsy protocol is crucial for accurate diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial lesions. Pre-analysis technical errors during preparation and submission of biopsies can jeopardize the diagnostic process and the related treatment plan. The aim of the present study was to evaluate pre-analysis technical errors in the biopsy samples submitted to an oral and maxillofacial pathology laboratory. Materials and methods: In this descriptive study, 166 biopsy samples submitted to the oral and maxillofacial pathology laboratory of the dental branch of Islamic Azad University of Tehran in 2013 were assessed. 13 samples were excluded due to incomplete information. 153 samples were evaluated and compared to the standard criteria with regard to four fields including: biopsy request form, storage solution, container, and quality. The frequency of errors was reported with 95% confidence interval. Results: No errors were detected in 19 samples (12.4%); whereas, 123 samples (80.4%) had incomplete biopsy request forms, 7 samples (4.6%) had been kept in improper storage media, 2 samples (1.3%) had unsuitable containers, and 2 biopsies (1.3%) had poor quality. Conclusion: It seems that failure to submit a complete biopsy request form is the most common technical error, which indicates the need for periodic retraining and updates regarding the biopsy protocols.   },  
Keywords = {Technical error, Biopsy, sampling, Pathology},
volume = {2},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {29-33}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.2.29},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-159-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-159-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shirazian, SH and Mansourian, A and Vatanpour, M and Ghasemi, N},  
title = {Explanation of the Viewpoint of Dental Students Towards the Study Guide of the Oral Medicine Course}, 
abstract ={Background and aim: Study guide is a tool for establishing the student-centered learning process. It is an assortment for directing the student in the management of his learning by foreseeing educational obligations, aims and contents. Considering the important role of study guides in students' learning process, the aim of the present study was to explain the point of view of dental students towards the study guide of the oral medicine course. Materials and methods: This study was performed in two phases: 1-compilation of a study guide for the practical oral medicine course, and 2- implementation of the study guide by 73 dental students, evaluation of their point of view towards its items, and also estimation of their level of satisfaction. Results: 48.6% of the participants were completely satisfied, 18.1% were moderately satisfied; whereas, 6.9% were unsatisfied with the study guide. 26.4% of the students had left the open questions unanswered. 71.2% of the students needed some examples for implementing theoretical lessons in the clinical setting. Few students felt the need to know about the role of the department's personnel.   Conclusion: A high percentage of the students were moderately or completely satisfied with the study guide. They believed that the study guide has improved their learning process, and has even resulted in higher final scores. Knowing the opinion of students is useful for revision and improvement of the study guide.},  
Keywords = {Study guide, Student satisfaction, Dental student},
volume = {2},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {34-43}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.2.34},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-161-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-161-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Yadegari, A and Seyyedkhamesi, S and Aminian, M},  
title = {Surgical management of Ossifying Fibroma of the mandible with inferior alveolar nerve involvement}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Ossifying fibroma (OF) is a benign fibro-osseous lesion, which is usually diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 40 years. The female to male ratio is 5:1, with affinity for posterior mandibular region. The aim of the present report is to discuss a case of OF and its clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics and the related surgical approach. Case presentation: A left mandibular impacted premolar with an associated lesion was incidentally found on a radiograph of a 27-year-old woman. The patient did not report any clinical symptoms. Inferior alveolar nerve involvement by the lesion was obvious in radiographic study. The tooth was extracted and the associated lesion was enucleated under general anesthesia through step-by-step surgery and after releasing the inferior alveolar nerve. Conclusion: Surgical treatment of Ossifying fibroma consists of enucleation and curettage in small and well-defined lesions, while larger lesions are usually resected. Prognosis is good with a low recurrence rate even with enucleation and after long-term follow-up.},  
Keywords = {Ossifying Fibroma, Maxillofacial Surgery, Mandible},
volume = {2},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {44-50}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.2.44},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-154-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-154-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shahsavari, F and Jolehar, M and Nikpasand, M},  
title = {Prevalence of Head and Neck Cancer in Gilan Province, Iran: A 10-Year Study}, 
abstract ={Background and aim: Head and neck cancers are the tenth most common cancers worldwide. Since these cancers can cause severe complications and mortality, early diagnosis and investigation of their prevalence in various regions may be life-saving. Therefore, this study evaluated the prevalence of head and neck cancer over a 10-year period in Gilan province, Iran. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive study based on the data collected from the Cancer Registry Center of Gilan province, Iran, during 1999-2008. The data included age, sex, cancer type, and location of the lesion. Statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS13 software program.  Results: Of 2335 cases of head and neck cancer, 736 cases (59%) were detected in men and 511 cases (41%) were found in women. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (42.6%) and Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (23.04%) were the most prevalent types of cancer. These cancers mostly occurred during the seventh and eighth decades of life. The most common locations were the esophagus and cervical lymph nodes. Conclusion: In the current survey, head and neck cancers comprised 18% of all the malignancies (2335 cases out of a total of 12830 cases), which differs from the results obtained worldwide. This difference may be due to the difference in registry centers and varied risk factors in each country. In our survey, SCC was the most common head and neck malignancy, followed by BCC, which is similar to the results of the majority of the related studies.},  
Keywords = {Head and Neck Neoplasms, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck},
volume = {2},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {1-4}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.3.1},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-164-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-164-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Alaee, A and Azizi, A and Valaie, N and Moieni, SH},  
title = {The Correlation between Cigarette Smoking and Salivary Flow Rate}, 
abstract ={Background and aim: Side effects of cigarette smoking are among the major concerns. These complications can adversely affect the oral environment. Since reduced salivary flow rate increases the incidence of tooth decay and other dental and oral problems, the present research aimed to investigate the relationship between cigarette smoking and salivary flow rate. Materials and Methods: In this historical cohort study, 50 cigarette smokers (case) and 50 non-smokers (control) were involved, who were matched according to age and gender. Non-stimulated whole saliva was measured by using the modified Schirmer test (MST) performed between 9 a.m. and 12 p.m. by a trained examiner. All the participants refrained from eating, drinking and smoking for 2 hours prior to the study. The subjects were asked to sit in an upright position and to raise and slowly retract their tongue, to avoid unintentional wetting of the Schirmer test's strip. The strip was kept vertically with the help of cotton pliers, while the bottom of the paper was in contact with the floor of the mouth. The length of the wet area on the strip was recorded at the intervals of 1, 2 and 3 minutes. Data were analyzed with Mann-U-Whitney and Chi-square tests. Results: The quantitative value of salivary flow rate was equal to 24.8±2.4mm in controls, and 15.8±2.1mm in case group (P<0.001). 30% of non-smokers and 90% of smokers exhibited reduced salivary flow rate (P<0.000). Conclusion: It seems that reduced salivary flow rate is more significant in cigarette smokers than in non-smokers.},  
Keywords = {Cigarette Smoking, Saliva, Mouth Dryness.},
volume = {2},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {5-9}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.3.5},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-163-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-163-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Farhadi, S and Jolehar, M and Babaeiha, K},  
title = {Evaluation of Micronucleus Frequency and Related Factors in the Buccal Mucosa of Cone Beam Computed Tomography-Exposed
Subjects}, 
abstract ={Background and aim: The ionizing radiation has been recognized to have deleterious effects on the DNA and induce cell death. Due to the importance of evaluating the DNA alterations in buccal mucosa cells induced by the ionizing radiation and by considering the limited volume of the samples used in previous studies, the present study aimed to assess the micronucleus (MN) incidence in the buccal mucosa of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)-exposed patients of an oral and maxillofacial radiology center during 2016. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted by using the target-based sampling. All the subjects, corresponding to the inclusion criteria, had been exposed to CBCT radiation according to their treatment plans. The specimens were scraped from the buccal mucosa of the participants by a damp spatula and were subsequently stained by Papanicolaou staining process. The percentage of the micronucleated cells was reported after evaluation under a light microscope. Also, the multiple linear regression (MLR) method was approached to statistically analyze the correlation between the MN frequency and the age and gender of the participants. Results: The lowest and highest percentages of the MN frequency were respectively equal to 8.20% and 27.10% with the mean MN frequency of 17.68±4.98. Also, there was no significant correlation between the age and gender of the subjects and the MN frequency (P>0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, there was no significant correlation between the age and gender of the participants and the MN frequency.  },  
Keywords = {Micronucleus,Cytotoxicity,Cone Beam ComputedTomography},
volume = {2},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {10-15}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.3.10},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-168-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-168-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Hosseinimehvar, B and Alaee, A and Azizi, A and Shafizadeh, N},  
title = {Risk of Hyposalivation in Menopausal Patients}, 
abstract ={Background and aim: Hyposalivation is one of the most common complications during menopause, which affects the quality of life. The aim of the present study was to assess the correlation between menopause and salivary flow rate. Materials and methods: This historical-cohort study was conducted on 80 healthy women. Forty postmenopausal women were placed in the case group, while 40 premenopausal women were selected as the control group. The participants were selected from among non-smokers and non-alcoholics and had no systemic diseases. The saliva level of the participants was measured by using the Modified Schirmer’s Test (MST) and modified Fox questionnaire. The participants were asked to sit upright, swallow their saliva and hold up their tongue. A strip was placed on the floor of the mouth, and the length of the wet and discolored area on the strip was measured after 3 minutes. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 according to Mann-U-Whitney and Chi-square tests. Results: According to the MST, the prevalence of hyposalivation was 35% in premenopausal women and 65% in postmenopausal women, with a statistically significant difference between the two groups (P<0.001). According to the modified Fox questionnaire, the prevalence of normal salivary flow and mild xerostomia in premenopausal women was 90%, while this rate was equal to 62.5% in postmenopausal women. The prevalence of severe xerostomia was 15% in postmenopausal women, while none of the premenopausal subjects had severe xerostomia. The incidence of hyposalivation in postmenopausal women is significantly higher than that in premenopausal women (P<0.005). Conclusion: It seems that the unstimulated salivary flow rate decreases after menopause.  },  
Keywords = {Hyposalivation, Menopause, Xerostomia},
volume = {2},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {16-21}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.3.16},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-162-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-162-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Manzarpour, M and Homaie, M and Farhadi, S},  
title = {Clinical Significance of Salivary Biomarkers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for approximately 3% of all cancers worldwide, and if diagnosed early, it has a five-year survival rate of around 85%; however, a late diagnosis may decrease the survival rate to 50%. Aberrant expression of several genes is associated with the hallmarks of OSCC including uncontrolled cell proliferation, poor differentiation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. The potential of molecular biomarkers for the diagnosis, prognosis, or monitoring of the treatment efficacy in OSCC has been extensively explored during the last decades. This study aimed to review the significance of salivary biomarkers in the treatment outcome of OSCC. Materials and Methods: The articles in scientific databases including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Medline, and PubMed, published between 2004 and 2017, were searched by using relevant keywords including OSCC, biomarkers, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment outcome. Thirty-four articles were reviewed in this study. Results: According to the findings of the reviewed studies, several salivary biomarkers including subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), interleukin-8 (IL-8), Cyfra 21-1, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Annexin A8, ErbB2, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), C-reactive protein (CRP), and salivary proteomic biomarkers might be used as indicators for the detection of oral cancer and premalignant oral disease (PMOD) and as a potential marker in the prognosis of OSCC. Conclusion: Salivary biomarker analysis seems to be a major advancement in the diagnosis of OSCC, and it is a fast-developing field in scientific research. The results indicate that salivary biomarkers can be useful diagnostic and prognostic tools in OSCC. },  
Keywords = {Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Biomarkers, Diagnosis, Prognosis, Treatment Outcome},
volume = {2},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {22-30}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.3.22},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-172-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-172-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Kheirbakhsh, SH and Alaee, A and Shahsavari, F and Dehnoee, M},  
title = {Perspective of Senior Dental Students About the Priorities for Instructor Evaluation}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Regular evaluation of the efficiency of instructors is highly important to promote the quality of instruction. This study aimed to assess the perspective of senior dental students about the priorities that must be considered in instructor evaluation. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, the significance of instructor assessment from the viewpoint of 132 senior dental students was evaluated in five domains of teaching skills, personal characteristics and skills, communication skills, adherence to educational regulations, and assessment skills. The frequency of the overall significance of each item and the domains as well as the effect of demographic and socioeconomic factors on the results were analyzed by Chi-square test.  Results: 84.4% of students believed that instructor assessment was important. Teaching skills acquired the highest score (90.6%), followed by communication skills (89.4%), personal characteristics and skills (83.8%), and educational regulations (70.9%) with statistically significant differences (P<0.0001). Students gave the highest score to the teaching method (98.5%), followed by the ability to well discuss the topic, conveying the topic, and mastery of the content (96.2%). The lowest score was given to the adherence to the order of educational contents set by the educational committee (42%) and to the usefulness of homework (49%). No significant association was noted between gender, age, grade point average (GPA), the parents' occupation, or interest in dentistry as a profession with the students' opinions about the instructor assessment form and the five domains (P=0.2). Conclusion: Educational workshops may enhance the teaching and communication skills of instructors, may increase the satisfaction of students with the instructors' performance and may yield greater educational achievements.  },  
Keywords = {Teaching Methods, Education, Evaluation, Communication, Satisfaction, Dental Students},
volume = {2},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {31-35}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.3.31},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-166-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-166-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Eslami, S and Showkatbakhsh, R and Narimani, M and Kamalee, Z and Jamilian, A},  
title = {Effects of Tongue Plate on the Nasomaxillary Complex of Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate}, 
abstract ={Background and aim: Cleft lip and cleft palate are among the most common orofacial abnormalities. Patients with these deformities commonly present with midface deficiency and need challenging treatment modalities that focus on improving the position of the maxilla. Tongue plate appliance is an intraoral device that has shown promising results in the treatment of growing patients with maxillary deficiency. Nonetheless, the effects of tongue plate on patients with cleft lip and cleft palate have not been evaluated yet. This study aimed to assess the effects of tongue plate on growing patients with cleft lip and palate. Materials and methods: Twenty-four growing patients (12 girls and 12 boys) with non-syndromic unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate between the ages of 6-12 years volunteered to participate in this quasi-experiment. All the patients had undergone the preliminary stages of lip and palate closure during infancy, but none of them had received bone grafts. They were treated with tongue plate appliance for 18±3 months. Lateral cephalograms were obtained and were analyzed at the beginning and at the end of the treatment. Paired t-test was used for statistical analysis of normally-distributed data; otherwise, Wilcoxon test was used. Results: Paired t-test showed that the Sella-Nasion-Point A (SNA) angle was increased from 76.3±0.2 to 77.3±0.14 degrees, and the Point A-Nasion-Point B (ANB) angle was enhanced from -2.26±0.17 to 0.93±0.82 degrees (P<0.001). Conclusion: Tongue plate appliance has shown favorable results in the treatment of class 3 malocclusion and maxillary deficiency in growing patients with cleft lip and cleft palate.  },  
Keywords = {Cleft lip, Cleft palate, Growth, maxillary deficiency, tongue plate},
volume = {2},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {36-42}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.3.36},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-160-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-160-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Koosha, S and Jalalian, E and Safari, S and Zandrahimi, S},  
title = {Effect of Abutment Angulation and Material on Stress and Strain Distributions in Premaxillary Bone: A Three-Dimensional Finite
Element Analysis}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Dental implants with angled abutments are often inserted in the anterior maxillary region due to the status of the residual ridge and aesthetic considerations. The purpose of this study was to assess stress and strain distributions in the premaxillary bone around dental implants by means of finite element analysis (FEA). Materials and Methods: Four three-dimensional (3D) finite element models were designed by using ANSYS 14.5 software: (1) a straight titanium abutment, (2) a straight zirconia abutment, (3) a 20° angled titanium abutment, and (4) a 20° angled zirconia abutment in the anterior maxilla. Standard Straumann® implants with regular necks (4.8×12 mm) were selected. Premaxillary bone with type 3 bone quality was modelled with a 0.5-mm-thick cortical layer. A 178-N oblique load was applied to the cingulum of the models. Afterwards, stress and strain distributions were measured by using ANSYS 14.5 software. Results: Maximum stress and strain concentrated at the implant-abutment joint at the cervical one-third of crestal bone, mainly in the labial surface. The abutment's material had a less substantial effect on the distribution of stress and strain compared to the angle of the abutment. Stress and strain concentration in angled abutments was higher than that in straight abutments. However, angled abutments transferred lower levels of stress and strain to the bone compared to straight abutments. Conclusion: It can be concluded that an angled abutment might decrease the stress and strain in the anterior maxillary bone in comparison with straight abutments.},  
Keywords = {Abutment, Dental Implant, Finite Element Analysis},
volume = {2},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {1-8}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.4.1},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-173-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-173-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Vatanpour, M and Roghanizad, N and bineshmarvasti, D and Hosseini, R and Mohebbi, P},  
title = {Effect of 2% Lidocaine and 1:80000 Epinephrine on Heart Rate and Blood Oxygen Saturation During Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block and
Gow-Gates Block:A Clinical Trial}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: The Gow-Gates (GG) block and the inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) can be used interchangeably for anesthetizing mandibular molars. The aim of this study was to compare these two injections in root canal therapy of mandibular molars with regard to heart rate (HR) and blood oxygen saturation (BOS) changes. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients between the ages of 18-70 years having mandibular molars on both sides of their jaw and in need of root canal therapy were recruited after signing a consent form. The patients' HR and BOS were measured 5 minutes before and immediately, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after injection by using a pulse oximeter. Paired t-test and Friedman test were used for statistical analysis of the data. Results: This study was done on 30 patients (60 teeth). The results of HR and BOS showed no significant differences between the two injection techniques (P=0.6 and 0.7, respectively). Also, HR and BOS in each group were not significantly changed during the follow-ups (P=0.7 and 0.6, respectively). Conclusion: According to the results, IANB and GG block by using 2% lidocaine and 1:80000 epinephrine had no significant different effects on HR and BOS.},  
Keywords = {Heart rate,
Oximetry,
Inferior alveolar nerve,
Local anesthesia,
Lidocaine},
volume = {2},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {9-13}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.4.9},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-182-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-182-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {MalekiGorji, M and Banava, S and Saghiri, MA},  
title = {Enamel Erosion by 15% and 18% Hydrochloric Acid Gels after Different Application Times}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Discolored teeth are among the most common reasons behind seeking esthetic dental treatments. Resin infiltration is a new technique for treatment of white spot lesions (WSLs). In this technique, 15% hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used to cause surface erosion. The aim of this study was to compare the enamel erosion caused by 15% and 18% HCl gels after different application times. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, sixty sound enamel surfaces were randomly divided into six groups of 10 (G1-G6). G1 specimens were subjected to 15% HCl gel for 75 seconds. G2 and G3 samples were subjected to 15% HCl for 90 and 120 seconds, respectively. G4, G5, and G6 specimens were subjected to 18% HCl for 75, 90, and 120 seconds, respectively. The specimens were then evaluated under a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the depth of erosion was recorded. Data were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post-hoc test with a 95% confidence interval. Results: The depth of erosion in 18% HCl groups was greater than that in 15% HCl groups after the same application times (P<0.05). The depth of erosion was not significantly different between G3 and G4 samples (P>0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the application of 18% HCl for 75 seconds is a suitable alternative to the application of 15% HCl for 120 seconds in the resin infiltration technique.},  
Keywords = {Enamel microabrasion,
Hydrochloric acid,
Tooth erosion,
Scanning electron
microscopy},
volume = {2},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {14-19}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.4.14},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-185-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-185-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Khosravanifard, B and Fetrati, A and Asadi, E},  
title = {Comparison between self-etching and conventional primers in repeated bracket bonding}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of repeated bonding by self-etching primers (SEPs) and a conventional phosphoric acid-etchant on shear bond strength (SBS), adhesive remnant index (ARI), and enamel morphology at different debonding time points. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 120 premolars were randomly divided into six groups of 20. In the first three groups, the brackets were bonded by Transbond XT, Transbond Plus, and Beauty Ortho Bond, and were debonded after 30 minutes. Adhesive remnants were removed from the enamel surface by a tungsten carbide bur. Rebonding was done with new brackets as described. The remaining three groups were debonded after aging. The SBS, ARI, and enamel surface morphology were evaluated. The SBS data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The ARI scores were compared by using Mann-U-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: The SBS of Transbond XT in the first debonding was significantly higher than that of Transbond Plus. Transbond Plus showed a higher SBS than Beauty Ortho Bond. In the second debonding, the SBS values of Transbond XT and Transbond Plus were not significantly different, but their SBS values were significantly higher than that of Beauty Ortho Bond. SEPs showed a higher bond strength in the second bonding compared to the first bonding. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed more porosity in the enamel surface before the second bonding compared to the first bonding. The SBS of Beauty Ortho Bond significantly decreased after aging, and SEM images showed a gap at the resin-enamel interface. Conclusion: SEPs are recommended for secondary bonding in the clinical setting due to a decreased chair time, less damage to enamel, and an adequate bond strength.  },  
Keywords = {Dental Bonding, Orthodontic Brackets, Self-Etch Adhesive, Aging},
volume = {2},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {20-32}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.4.20},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-184-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-184-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Roghanizad, N and Vatanpour, M and MoradiEslami, L and Bahrami, H},  
title = {Comparison of WaveOne and ProTaper Universal Preparation Systems in the Amount of Smear Layer/Debris Production: an in-vitro SEM Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Debris and the smear layer that remain after root canal preparations may result in failure of root canal therapies. The aim of this study was to compare the smear layer formation and the amount of residual debris following the use of WaveOne and ProTaper rotary files in mesiobuccal root canals of upper first molars by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 34 mesiobuccal root canals of human maxillary first molars with 20°-40° curvatures (according to Schneider technique) were randomly distributed in two experimental groups (15 each) and two control groups. The canals in test groups were instrumented according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Five ml of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 5 ml of normal saline were used as irrigants. The roots were split longitudinally, and apical, middle, and coronal radicular sections were randomly scanned by an SEM at ×1000 magnification. Two endodontists scored the data according to Schäfer and Schlingemann scoring system. Data of the amount of debris and smear layer were separately analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Although there was a slight difference in mean scores between the two groups (3.28 for WaveOne and 3.6 for ProTaper), no significant differences in debris amount were noted. The overall mean smear layer formation was not significantly different between the two groups (4.11 for WaveOne and 3.95 for ProTaper). Conclusion: There was no significant difference in remaining debris and smear layer in coronal, middle, and apical parts of root canals. However, ProTaper system appeared to produce less debris during preparation.},  
Keywords = {Debris, Smear layer, Root canal preparation, Scanning electron microscopy},
volume = {2},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {33-43}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.4.33},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-181-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-181-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mehralizadeh, S and NematiAnaraki, S and Orshesh, M},  
title = {Comparison of CMOS and PSP intraoral digital sensors in the diagnosis of secondary caries adjacent to amalgam restorations}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Considering the consequences of false positive (FP) and false negative (FN) diagnoses as well as the lack of information on the diagnostic ability of photostimulable phosphor plate (PSP) and complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensors in the detection of secondary caries, this study aimed to compare the diagnostic ability of these two sensors in the detection of secondary caries adjacent to amalgam restorations. Materials and Methods: This diagnostic study was performed on 40 intact permanent premolars. Class II cavities were prepared and restored with amalgam. Periapical radiography was performed by using PSP and CMOS sensors via parallel technique. A 0.5-mm round bur was used to create another cavity under amalgam restorations. To simulate secondary gingival caries at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), the samples were placed inside 0.1M lactic acid solution and were incubated at 37°C for three weeks. The teeth were placed in gypsum blocks and were radiographed again by CMOS and PSP sensors. The presence of decay was determined by an oral and maxillofacial radiologist, and the results were recorded in datasheets and were statistically analyzed by the ratio test. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of PSP in caries detection were 52.5% and 77.5%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of CMOS in caries detection were 57.5% and 82.5%, respectively. Incorrect diagnoses (FP+FN) were equal to 35% for PSP and 30% for CMOS (P=0.89). Conclusion: The results indicated that PSP and CMOS sensors have similar abilities in the detection of secondary caries under amalgam restorations, while none of the two sensors has the adequate ability for a precise and thorough diagnosis of secondary caries.},  
Keywords = {Dental digital radiography, Dental caries, Diagnosis, Amalgam},
volume = {2},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {44-49}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.4.44},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-180-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-180-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Hoshyari, N and Haddadi, A},  
title = {Endodontic treatment of a mandibular first premolar with three
root canals: a case report}, 
abstract ={Background: A correct diagnosis of the morphology of the root canal system is crucial in order to ensure a successful root canal treatment. The incidence of mandibular first premolars with three root canals has been reported to be low. This clinical case report describes a case of a successful nonsurgical endodontic management of a mandibular first premolar with three root canals. Case presentation: A 27-year-old man presented to our clinic with pain in the left mandibular premolar. The diagnosis was irreversible pulpitis based on the clinical and radiographic examinations. Hence, root canal treatment was recommended. After preparing the access cavity, the orifices were found by removing the dentinal shelves. The root canals were treated by rotary files and were obturated using the cold lateral compaction technique. Conclusion: Mandibular premolars can present with an extremely complex root canal morphology, which if not considered during the treatment, it can lead to post-treatment complications, failure, or flare-ups.},  
Keywords = {Abnormality,
Bicuspids, Dental Pulp
Cavity,
Mandible,
Root Canal Therapy},
volume = {2},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {50-54}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.29252/jrdms.2.4.50},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-167-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-167-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2017}  
}