@article{ 
author = {YaghoubiBaghlouei, Seyed Khalegh and Fazlyab, Mahta and Esnaashari, Ehsan and PourHajiBagher, Maryam and Kamali, Siavash},  
title = {Antibacterial Effect of Low-Level Laser on Four-Week-Old Biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis in Presence of Intracanal Medicaments: An In Vitro Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This in vitro study assessed the impact of low-level laser irradiation (LLLI) on resistance of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) to calcium hydroxide (CH) and triple antibiotic paste (TAP) intracanal medicaments.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 44 extracted single-rooted human teeth were categorized into 6 groups of negative control (n=2), positive control (n=2), TAP (n=10), CH (n=10), TAP+LLLI (n=10), and CH+LLLI (n=10). Following preparation, the samples were transferred to brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours; 1 mL of E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) suspension was injected into the canals and incubated for 4 weeks for biofilm formation. CH and TAP were introduced into the canals, depending on group allocation of the teeth, and LLLI with performed for 15 seconds using 980 nm diode laser with an energy density of 6.89 J/cm², power-output of 0.5 W, and a tip diameter of 10 mm. After 2 weeks, canal debris was removed using #4 Gates-Glidden drills and incubated in BHI at 37°C for 8 hours. Then, 100 μL of the dilution was cultured to determine the number of colony-forming units (CFUs), indicating the effectiveness of disinfection, after 12 hours. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA (alpha=0.05).    Results: The four groups had no significant difference in colony count (P=0.483). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that LLLI in combination with CH or TAP did not lead to a significant reduction in colony count compared to the use of CH or TAP alone.  },  
Keywords = {Calcium Hydroxide, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Enterococcus faecalis, Low-Level Light Therapy},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {1-7}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.1.1},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-964-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-964-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Shahbazpey, Shahin and Mohammadi, Mohammad and Lashkarizadeh, Nazil},  
title = {Comparative Efficacy of Acellular Dermal Matrix with and without Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin, and Free Gingival Graft for Enhancement of Peri-Implant Keratinized Gingiva Width: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial}, 
abstract ={Abstract Background and Aim: This study compared the efficacy of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) with and without injectable platelet-rich fibrin (iPRF) and free gingival graft (FGG) for the enhancement of peri-implant keratinized gingiva width (KGW).     Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 36 dental implants with KGW<2 mm were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=12) for enhancement of KGW with FGG alone (control group), ADM alone (AlloDerm), and iPRF-impregnated ADM (AlloDerm). KGW, pain by using a visual analog scale (VAS), and graft shrinkage percentage (reduction in height and surface area of the graft) were assessed 3 months after surgery, and compared by one-way ANOVA and Sidak test (alpha=0.05).     Results: A significant increase in peri-implant KGW was observed after treatment in all three groups (P<0.001). FGG caused a significantly greater increase in KGW than the other two groups (P<0.001). Graft shrinkage was significantly lower in the FGG group than other groups (P<0.05). Postoperative pain was significantly lower in the ADM/iPRF than the FGG (P<0.001) and ADM (P=0.002) groups. Postoperative pain in the ADM group was significantly lower than that in the FGG group (P=0.008). No other significant differences were found (P>0.05). Conclusion: All three tested methods significantly increased the peri-implant KGW. Although FGG was the most effective for the enhancement of KGW, it was associated with the highest postoperative pain level. IPRF-impregnated ADM may be considered as an acceptable, less invasive, and less painful approach for patients not consenting to FGG, although it had no significant difference with ADM alone.  },  
Keywords = {Acellular Dermis, Alloderm, Dental Implants, Platelet-Rich Fibrin},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {8-21}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.1.8},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1274-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1274-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Roshani, Faezeh and Jabarifard, Kimia and Babaei, Navid and Hekmatfar, Somayeh},  
title = {Effect of Different Irrigating Solutions on Pushout Bond Strength of Composite Posts in Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Restoration of anterior teeth is challenging in pediatric dentistry due to the poor retention of restorative material and the small size of the teeth. This study was conducted to investigate the pushout strength (PBS) of intra-canal composite posts in primary anterior teeth after using different root canal irrigants.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 44 extracted primary anterior teeth were randomly assigned to four groups of (I) sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), (II) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), (III) saline, and (IV) chlorhexidine (CHX). Tooth crowns were cut by a high-speed handpiece 1 mm above the cementoenamel junction. After cleaning and shaping, the root canals were obturated, and post spaces were prepared. Composite resin was packed in the 3 mm coronal third of the canal. The teeth were thermocycled, and each tooth was sectioned into 1 mm slices at the mid-root. Next, the specimens were subjected to PBS testing. The mode of failure was determined under a stereomicroscope at ×40 magnification. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Games-Howell test (alpha=0.05).    Results: Saline showed the lowest (1.09±0.36 MPa), and NaOCl exhibited the highest (8.57±0.15 MPa) PBS (P<0.001). The difference in PBS between the EDTA and CHX groups was not statistically significant (P=0.115). Adhesive failure was more frequent than other failure modes. Conclusion: The results showed that root canal pretreatment with NaOCl enhanced the PBS of composite posts in primary anterior teeth.  },  
Keywords = {Composite Resins, Tooth, Deciduous, Sodium Hypochlorite},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {22-30}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.1.22},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-986-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-986-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Molaasadolah, Fatemeh and Soltani, Mansooreh and Jafarian, Mohamm},  
title = {Clinical Efficacy and Pain of Computer-Controlled Intraosseous Anesthesia versus the Conventional Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block in Pulpotomy of Primary Molars: A Clinical Trial}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study assessed the efficacy of intraosseous anesthesia (IA) administered by a computer-controlled local anesthetic device (CCLAD) and its associated pain in comparison with the conventional inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) for pulpotomy of primary molars.    Materials and Methods: This crossover split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 30 children between 4 and 6 years requiring pulpotomy of mandibular primary molars bilaterally. The children were randomly assigned to two groups to receive IA and IANB in two orders of IA/IANB and IANB/IA within two treatment sessions. Pain during injection and during treatment was quantified subjectively using the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBPRS) and objectively using the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) scale. Heart rate (HR) was measured by a pulse oximeter, and the need for supplemental injection was recorded. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Bonferroni, Fisher’s exact, and McNemar tests (alpha=0.05).    Results: Injection type had no significant effect on the HR in the first or second treatment session, injection pain, procedural pain, FLACC score, or the need for supplemental injection (P>0.05). Within-group comparison of pain in the IA/IANB group showed significantly higher pain associated with IANB (P=0.015), while this difference was not significant in the IANB/IA group (P>0.05). Primary first and second molars had no significant difference in FLACC score or the need for supplemental injection (P>0.05). Conclusion: IA may be used as an alternative to IANB for pulpotomy of primary molars, due to comparable efficacy and injection pain.    },  
Keywords = {Anesthesia, Local, Mandibular Nerve, Pain, Heart Rate, Visual Analog Scale},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {31-44}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.1.31},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1201-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1201-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Milani, Shabnam and Shahrabi, Mehdi and Hosseini, Zahra and AminiHarandi, Fatemeh and Baniebrahimi, Ghazaleh},  
title = {Cariogram Profile of Iranian Children in the Primary and Mixed Dentition Periods}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study compared the caries risk profile of Iranian children in the primary and mixed dentition periods using the Cariogram model.    Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 children in the primary (5-6 years) and mixed (11-12 years) dentition periods (100 participants per group). Data were collected through parental interviews, oral clinical examination, and saliva sampling. All sectors of the Cariogram, except Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) microbial testing, were evaluated. After obtaining the Cariogram profile of children, their caries risk was estimated and compared between the two groups by t-test. Each Cariogram component was compared between the two groups after controlling for demographic confounders using the regression analysis (alpha=0.05).    Results: In the primary dentition group, 5% of children had very low/low caries risk, 11% had moderate, and 84% had high/very high risk. In the mixed dentition group, 19% had very low/low risk, 32% had moderate, and 49% had high/very high risk. The mean risk of caries was significantly higher in the primary than mixed dentition period (74.92% vs. 56.60%, P=0.002). Caries experience (OR=5.17, P<0.001), salivary secretion (OR=2.61, P=0.002), using a fluoridated toothpaste (OR=2.41, P=0.02), diet (OR=3.14, P=0.01), diet frequency (OR=2.53, P=0.004), and clinical judgment (OR=2.19, P=0.01) were also significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated that Iranian children in the primary dentition period had a significantly higher risk of caries, associated with higher sugar intake and insufficient fluoride exposure in comparison to children in the mixed dentition period.  },  
Keywords = {Dental Caries, Oral Health, Risk Assessment},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {45-56}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.1.45},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1171-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1171-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Hosseinipour, Zohre Sadat and Bozhneh, Milad and Hosseini, Zahr},  
title = {Effects of Commonly Consumed Pediatric Medications and Drinks on Color Stability of Two Types of Composite Resins: Packable and Bulk-Fill}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Composite resins are widely used in pediatric dentistry, but their color stability may be affected by medications and drinks. Since packable and bulk-fill composites differ in composition, this study aimed to compare their color stability after exposure to commonly consumed pediatric medications and drinks.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, disc-shaped specimens were fabricated from a packable and a bulk-fill composite resin (n=64 from each). After initial spectrophotometric color assessment, the discs underwent pH-cycling. Next, each group was divided into 8 subgroups (n=8) for immersion in distilled water (control), orange juice, chocolate milk, amoxicillin, metronidazole, acetaminophen, iron drop, and multi-vitamin syrup for 2 minutes every 8 hours for one week. The color of the specimens was then assessed again spectrophotometrically, and their color change (ΔE) was calculated. Data were analyzed by t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey’s test (alpha=0.05).    Results: The two composite types had no significant difference in ΔE (P=0.733). The discoloration caused by metronidazole, amoxicillin, iron drop, and multivitamin syrup was clinically unacceptable (> 3 units). The discoloration caused by different materials was significantly different within each of the two composite groups (P=0.001), such that metronidazole yielded the highest, and distilled water yielded the lowest ΔE. Conclusion: The research results showed that both packable and bulk-fill composite resins experienced comparable discoloration after exposure to different materials, with no significant difference between the two composite types. The results also showed that metronidazole produced the highest discoloration, while distilled water caused the lowest.    },  
Keywords = {Acetaminophen, Amoxicillin, Color, Composite Resins, Metronidazole},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {57-65}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.1.57},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1042-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1042-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {TabatabaeiTabrizi, Alireza and Ghasemi, Hadi and Panahandeh, Narges},  
title = {Developing an Artificial Intelligence Software to Aid in Dental Caries Detection}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) software with high diagnostic accuracy for detection of dental caries by evaluating different algorithms and machine learning models.    Materials and Methods: Totally of 1400 bitewing radiographs were retrieved from the archives of the Oral Radiology Department of Shahid Beheshti Dental School from April 2023 to March 2024 for machine learning using deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). After resizing all images (100 x 100) in the form of an array that consisted of pixel values corresponding to the image, 1120 radiographs (80%) were randomly selected for training, and 280 radiographs (20%) were used for testing of the selected models. Two learning methods were employed, namely supervised learning (labeling by specialists) by classifying the bitewing radiographs into two classes (0: sound, 1: carious), and self-supervised learning by using VGG19, ResNet50, GoogleNet, and EfficientNet models. After implementation of the caries detection algorithms, the best model in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity was selected.    Results: Apart from reviewing and testing popular machine learning models in caries detection on a total of 1400 bitewing radiographs of patients, 242 bitewing radiographs were used for supervised learning after labeling, out of which, 210 were labeled as carious. EfficientNet model yielded the best results with a caries detection accuracy of 94.7%, precision of 93.4%, sensitivity of 96.7%, specificity of 96.2%, and F1-score of 93.5%. Conclusion: The present results suggest that refining EfficientNet and its new versions can improve its performance in caries detection.  },  
Keywords = {Dental Caries, Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Networks, Machine Learning},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {66-74}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.1.66},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-907-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-907-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Soltanianzadeh, Mina and Qorbani, Fatemeh and kazemipoor, maryam},  
title = {Impact of Contact Time on Push-out Bond Strength of Intra-orifice Barrier Materials in Temporary Restorations}, 
abstract ={Background & Aim: The use of intra-orifice barriers helps reduce coronal leakage, enhances sealing in the intra-orifice area, and improves the success rate of root canal therapy. This study aimed to investigate the effect of contact time on the push-out bond strength of intra-orifice barrier materials in temporary restorations.                                                                     Material & Method: This in vitro study used 110 single-rooted teeth, with crowns sectioned 2 mm below the CEJ. After preparing access cavities, the samples were divided into two experimental groups (A: Quizol and B: Zonalin) and two control groups (C: positive control and D: negative control). Groups A and B were further divided into subgroups based on the duration of temporary restoration (2 weeks and 4 weeks) and the type of barrier material (composite flow and RMGI). Dentinal blocks were prepared, and samples were subjected to a push-out bond strength test. The data were analyzed using a generalized linear model and Kruskal-Wallis test, with significance set at p<0.05.  Results: General comparison revealed a statistically significant difference among the experimental groups (P = 0.000). Pairwise analysis showed that the Cavit-4 weeks-composite flow subgroup exhibited the highest push-out bond strength (6.70 ± 1.76), significantly greater than all other combinations (P = 0.000). In contrast, the positive control group (cotton with eugenol-2 weeks-composite flow) showed the lowest bond strength (0.302 ± 0.101). Conclusion: Cavit temporary restoration significantly enhanced the bond strength of composite flow barriers after 4 weeks, outperforming other materials and time combinations.},  
Keywords = {Bond Strength,Dental Bonding,Dental Restoration,Endodontics,Temporary Dental Restoration,Root Canal Filling Materials},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {75-83}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.1.75},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-955-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-955-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Kiani, Kiarash and SalighehRad, Mona and Azizi, Arash and Ghods, Kimi},  
title = {The Role of Nanobots Along with Artificial Intelligence in Dentistry: A Comprehensive Review on Applications, Advancements, and Future Prospects}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Nanotechnology has revolutionized dentistry with the introduction of nanobots. These microscopic devices have shown promising applications in diagnosis, treatment, and preventive dental care. The aim of this study was to explore the diverse applications of nanobots along with artificial intelligence (AI) in different dental specialties, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and future potential.    Materials and Methods: For this comprehensive literature review, a complete query was carried out in PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and Scopus databases, and the studies published during 2010-2025 were collected using the keywords "Nanotechnology," "Dentistry," "Robotics," "Nanoparticles," and "Dental Materials." After applying appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria, 113 English articles were selected and evaluated.    Results: Nanobots demonstrate significant potential across various dental disciplines. In endodontics, they enhance root canal disinfection; while, in periodontics, they facilitate biofilm disruption and tissue regeneration. Restorative dentistry benefits from their integration into filling materials, improving durability and functionality. Orthodontic applications include precisely guided tooth movements and real-time monitoring of the periodontal environment. In oral surgery, nanobots enable precise tissue manipulation and accelerated wound healing. Furthermore, they offer promising capabilities for early diagnosis and targeted drug delivery systems in oral medicine. Conclusion: Nanobots hold transformative potential in various dental disciplines, offering innovative solutions for improved diagnosis, treatment precision, and patient care. However, further research is needed to address safety concerns, regulatory approvals, ethical issues, and cost-effectiveness before clinical integration. Advancements in nanotechnology and AI may pave the way for the widespread use of nanobots, revolutionizing modern dental practice},  
Keywords = {Dental Materials, Dentistry, Nanoparticles, Nanotechnology, Robotics},
volume = {11},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {84-96}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.1.84},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1035-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1035-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Razian, Fatemeh and Daryaei, Fatemeh and Mahmoudi, Elham and Moudi, Ehsan and Saeidi, Akam and Gholinia, Hemmat and Madani, Zahra Sadat},  
title = {Efficacy of ProTaper, M3, and Edge Endo Rotary Files for Removal of Root Canal Filling Materials: An Ex Vivo Study Using CBCT}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Previous studies have reported inconsistent findings on the effectiveness of endodontic retreatment rotary files for removal of residual filling materials. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of ProTaper, M3, and Edge Endo rotary retreatment systems for removal of root canal filling materials using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).    Materials and Methods: This ex vivo experimental study involved mesiobuccal and mesiolingual canals of mandibular molars, and mesiobuccal canals of maxillary molars (n=60) with ≤20-degree curvature. Canals were instrumented with ProTaper files with the crown-down technique, and obturated with gutta-percha and AH26 sealer via cold lateral compaction technique. Specimens were randomly assigned to three groups (n=20) of ProTaper, M3, or Edge Endo. CBCT imaging and AutoCAD software were used to quantify residual filling material in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds, and along the full canal length. Procedural errors, including file fracture, were recorded. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and Chi-square tests, with a significance level of 0.05.    Results: A statistically significant difference was observed in the apical third (P=0.02), with ProTaper retaining the most (47.11%±24.59%), and M3 the least (28.47%±28.07%) filling material. No significant differences were found in the coronal (P=0.282) and middle thirds (P=0.824). File fracture occurred in 12% of the cases, with no significant difference among the groups (P=0.809). Conclusion: Based on the results, while residual filling material remained in all canals, the M3 rotary retreatment files demonstrated superior efficiency in cleaning the apical third.  },  
Keywords = {Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Gutta-Percha, Molar, Root Canal Obturation, Root Canal Therapy},
volume = {11},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {97-106}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.2.97},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-924-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-924-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Abbasnejad, Sayeh and Abbasi, Faezeh and Araghi, Solmaz and TourSavadkouhi, Sohrab},  
title = {Marginal Adaptation of GuttaFlow 2, GuttaFlow Bioseal, and AH Plus in the Apical Third of Human Teeth Obturated by the Single-Cone Technique}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study compared the marginal adaptation of GuttaFlow 2, GuttaFlow Bioseal, and AH Plus in the apical third of human single-canal teeth obturated by the single-cone technique.    Materials and Methods: This in vitro study evaluated 51 eligible extracted single-canal maxillary incisors. The teeth underwent biomechanical preparation with BioRaCe rotary system to #40/4%, and were then randomly divided into 3 experimental groups (n=17) of GuttaFlow 2, GuttaFlow Bioseal, and AH Plus. The canals were rinsed with 17% EDTA for 1 minute, 5.25% NaOCl for 30 seconds, and 2 mL of distilled water for smear layer removal, and were obturated with the single-cone obturation technique. The roots were then transversely sectioned at 3 and 6 mm from the apex, and the gap at the root filling material-canal wall interface was measured under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (alpha=0.05).    Results: At 3 mm distance from the apex, the mean gap size in the GuttaFlow Bioseal group (12.65±4.919 µm) was significantly larger than that in GuttaFlow (7.7±2.969 µm) and AH Plus (6.89±4.58 µm) groups (P<0.05), but no significant difference was detected at 6 mm from the apex among the three groups (P=0.121). Conclusion: Under the limitations of this in vitro study, the results indicated that GuttaFlow Bioseal had poorer marginal adaptation than AH Plus and GuttaFlow at 3 mm from the apex; however, marginal adaptation of sealers was not significantly different at 6 mm from the apex.  },  
Keywords = {Dental Marginal Adaptation, Epoxy Resin-Based Root Canal Sealer, GuttaFlow, Root Canal Therapy},
volume = {11},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {107-113}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.2.107},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1348-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1348-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Niavarzi, Soheil and Geramipanah, Farideh and Sedighpour, Leila and Marvi, Mohamm},  
title = {Effect of Gap Size between the Intracanal Post and Gutta-Percha on Stress Distribution in Teeth with Post-and-Core Restorations: A Finite Element Analysis}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study evaluated the effect of gap size between the intracanal post and gutta-percha on stress distribution in teeth with post-and-core restorations using finite element analysis (FEA).    Materials and Methods: In this FEA, eight 3D models of maxillary central incisors were created: four with fiber-reinforced composite posts (FRCPs) and four with nickel-chromium metal cast posts (MCPs). Also, 0 mm (no gap), 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm gaps were modeled. A 100-N oblique load (at 135 degrees relative to the longitudinal tooth axis) was applied, and the von Mises (VM), tensile, and compressive stress values were analyzed.    Results: For the FRCPs, the VM stress patterns in dentin remained consistent in presence of 0-2 mm gap, but a 3-mm gap increased stress by 35%-37%. The MCP models showed similar stress distribution patterns across different gap sizes, with a peak VM stress (13.11 MPa) localized at the buccal mid-root. The FRCPs demonstrated uniform stress distribution; whereas, the MCPs exhibited higher overall stress levels by 85%-89%. Conclusion: The results indicated that a 3-mm gap significantly elevated dentinal stress, increasing the fracture risk. The FRCPs with ≤ 2 mm gap had an optimal performance; whereas, the MCPs induced higher stress levels regardless of the gap size. Failure modes differed as well, such that the FRCPs were predisposed to cervical fractures, whereas the MCPs increased the risk of apical fractures. These findings highlight the importance of management of intracanal post-gutta-percha gap as a critical parameter in post-and-core restorations to mitigate biomechanical failure.  },  
Keywords = {Dental Stress Analysis, Post and Core Technique, Root Canal Therapy},
volume = {11},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {114-125}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.2.114},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1506-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1506-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {RPatil, Santosh and Daniel, Shikhar and Veeraraghavan, Vishnu Priya and PadmashaliJayappa, Nagarathna and Manyam, Ravikanth and ARao, Krish},  
title = {Exploring Lactate Dehydrogenase as a Biomarker for Early Detection and Monitoring of Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Preliminary Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study compared the serum and salivary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and healthy controls, and assessed their potential as biomarkers for OSMF diagnosis, and monitoring its progression.    Materials and Methods: This case-control study involved 50 OSMF patients and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum and salivary LDH levels were measured using standard laboratory techniques. Clinical staging of OSMF was performed based on the severity of symptoms, and the relationship between LDH levels and disease stage was analyzed using statistical methods. Descriptive and inferential statistics including t-test, ANOVA, and correlation coefficients based on data distribution were used to assess the association between LDH levels and OSMF clinical features (alpha=0.05).    Results: OSMF patients showed significantly higher serum LDH levels (225.4±58.2 U/L) than healthy controls (187.6±42.4 U/L; P=0.0004). They also showed significantly higher salivary LDH levels (180.3±53.1 U/L) compared to controls (148.2±37.9 U/L; P=0.0006). A strong positive correlation was found between serum LDH levels and clinical stage of OSMF (r=0.65, P<0.001), while a moderate inverse correlation was observed between salivary LDH levels and mouth opening (r=-0.48, P<0.001). Conclusion: Both serum and salivary LDH levels were significantly elevated in patients with OSMF compared to healthy controls. Salivary LDH, in particular, demonstrated a strong association with clinical severity and disease stage, supporting its potential as an effective, non-invasive biomarker for OSMF diagnosis, and monitoring its progression.  },  
Keywords = {Biomarkers, L-Lactate Dehydrogenase, Oral Submucous Fibrosis, Saliva},
volume = {11},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {126-135}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.2.126},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-969-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-969-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Rachmadhan, Firman Fath and Kamadjaja, David Buntoro and AlFessi, Rez},  
title = {In Vitro Study of Sustained Release Potential and IGF/PDGF Profile of Lyophilized Decellularized Bovine Bone Scaffolds After Freeze-Dried Secretome Application}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Craniomaxillofacial bone defects are commonly reconstructed using bovine bone scaffolds, where stable growth factor release is critical for effective bone regeneration. This study investigated the release profile of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) from deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM), freeze-dried bovine bone (FDBB), and decellularized freeze-dried bovine bone (dc-FDBB) scaffolds following application of freeze-dried secretome.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, scaffolds were first immersed in secretome and incubated at 4°C for 24 hours to facilitate absorption, followed by an optional freeze-drying step. After rehydration, the release kinetics of IGF and PDGF was measured at 1, 8, 24, and 48 hours using ELISA. Comparisons were made with one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey’s HSD test (alpha=0.05).    Results: FDBB scaffolds treated with freeze-dried secretome exhibited the highest and most sustained release of IGF over 48 hours compared to other groups (26.774±4.079 ng/mL; P<0.05); while PDGF release was generally lower in freeze-dried groups compared to controls (8.587±2.184 ng/mL; P=0.197). Conclusion: The results showed that freeze-drying influences the release profile of IGF and PDGF and its sustainability from secretome-loaded bovine bone scaffolds, with potential implications for optimizing scaffold bioactivity in bone tissue engineering applications.  },  
Keywords = {Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor, Secretome, Tissue Scaffolds},
volume = {11},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {136-147}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.2.136},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1266-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1266-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Khodabandehlou, Fahimeh and ZahediRad, Sara and AlamdariMahd, M},  
title = {Spectrophotometric Comparison of Color Change of White Spot Lesions after the Application of Two Types of Resin Infiltrants: An In Vitro Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study aimed to spectrophotometrically compare the color change (ΔE) of white spot lesions (WSLs) after the application of ICON and Cobalt resin infiltrants.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, WSLs were artificially induced in 20 extracted sound human premolars by their 7-day immersion in a demineralizing solution with a pH of 4.4. The specimens were randomly assigned to two groups (n=10) for resin infiltration treatment with ICON and Cobalt resin infiltrants. The color parameters of the specimens were measured before the intervention (T0), after demineralization (T1), immediately after treatment (T2), and 4 weeks after treatment (T3) spectrophotometrically by using the CIEL*a*b* system. ΔE values were calculated and analyzed by independent t-test (alpha=0.05).    Results: In comparison of ΔE2-0, the difference was not statistically significant between ICON and Cobalt (P=0.234). In comparison of ΔE2-1, ICON (ΔE=12.78) showed a significantly better coverage than Cobalt (ΔE=7.25) (P=0.004). In comparison of ΔE3-2, ICON (ΔE =4.79) showed higher color stability than Cobalt (ΔE=5.24), but the difference was not significant (P=0.667). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that both ICON and Cobalt effectively corrected the color of WSLs to match the color of sound enamel, although ICON showed a slightly superior performance. The two resin infiltrants also had a comparable color stability after 4 weeks.  },  
Keywords = {Color, Dental Caries, Dentition, Permanent, Spectrophotometry},
volume = {11},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {148-155}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.2.148},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1330-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1330-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Farzandi, Nastaran and Farnia, Ferial and Aghaei, Saba and Saati, Keyvan and Tavassoli-Hojjati, Sar},  
title = {Effect of Several Iron Drops with Different Dilutions on Color and Structure of Primary Teeth}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Discoloration of primary teeth caused by iron supplementation often discourages parents from using it for their children. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Sideral iron drops with a sucrosomial structure, Irofent iron drops, and Irofent diluted with natural apple juice on the color and structural integrity of primary tooth enamel.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 45 sound primary anterior teeth were randomly divided into three groups of 15 for treatment with Sideral, Irofent, and a mixture of Irofent and natural apple juice. A digital spectrophotometer measured the initial tooth color. Teeth were immersed in their respective iron solutions for 5 minutes at 37°C, rinsed with distilled water, and their final color was recorded. One sample from each group underwent scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess surface structural changes. Quantitative data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. P<0.05 was considered significant.    Results: Color change (∆E) was significantly greater in the Irofent group compared to Irofent–apple juice and Sideral groups (P<0.001). The Irofent–apple juice group showed significantly more discoloration than Sideral (P<0.001). SEM revealed enamel surface cracks in Irofent and Irofent–apple juice groups; whereas the Sideral group showed no defects. Conclusion: Sideral iron drops did not cause significant discoloration or structural damage to primary enamel in this in vitro study. Combining Irofent with natural apple juice may reduce its adverse effects.  },  
Keywords = {Tooth Discoloration, Dental Enamel, Iron, Tooth, Deciduous, Microscopy, Electron},
volume = {11},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {156-163}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.2.156},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1107-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1107-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ebrahimgol, Saeedeh and NematiAnaraki, Saeed and Ghanaat, Mahsa and Ramouz, Emad and Hoorizadganjkar, Maryam},  
title = {Effect of a Hemostatic Agent on Bond Strength and Durability of Bonding in Three Different Adhesive Systems}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Hemostatic agents may affect the hybrid layer quality. This study evaluated the effect of a hemostatic agent on microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and bonding durability in three adhesive systems.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 120 extracted human molars were randomly divided into two main groups (n=60) based on aging conditions: (I) 24-hour storage in distilled water and (II) thermocycling (10,000 cycles, 5°C-55°C). Each group was further subdivided into 6 subgroups (n=10) according to the use of Viscostat Clear and the adhesive system: Adper Single Bond, Clearfil SE Bond, and All-Bond Universal. Composite resin (Filtek Z250) was applied, and μTBS was measured with a testing machine. Failure modes were observed under an optical microscope, and resin-dentin interface was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed using three-way fixed-effects ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (α=0.05).    Results: The highest μTBS was found in the Adper Single Bond group without hemostatic agent after 24 hours of storage (17.37±5.43 MPa), and the lowest was in the All-Bond Universal group with hemostatic agent after thermocycling (5.44±1.21 MPa). At 24 hours, no significant difference existed between contaminated and uncontaminated groups (P>0.05). After thermocycling, Adper Single Bond showed a significant reduction in bond strength when exposed to Viscostat Clear (P=0.000). Adhesive failure predominated in all groups. Conclusion: The adhesive type and aging process significantly affected the μTBS. While Viscostat Clear did not significantly affect the 24-hour μTBS, it reduced bonding durability after thermocycling in Adper Single Bond group.  },  
Keywords = {Dental Bonding, Tensile Strength, Hemostatic},
volume = {11},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {164-173}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.2.164},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1226-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1226-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Gadiock, Karanveer Singh and Kannan, Kannika Parameshwari and Girija, A.S.Smiline and PriyadharsiniJ, Vijayashree},  
title = {Assessment of vicK Gene Expression by the Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus mutans Treated with Acetaminophen}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), a primary pathogen in dental caries, forms biofilm and is increasingly resistant to antibiotics. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of acetaminophen on S. mutans clinical isolates and its impact on vicK gene expression.    Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, S. mutans was isolated from dental carious lesions of 43 patients, characterized, followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing. Acetaminophen's antibacterial activity was evaluated through agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and biofilm inhibition assays. vicK gene expression was quantified by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Data were analyzed using Student's t-test (alpha=0.05).    Results: S. mutans was isolated from 53.49% of patients, with 17.39% exhibiting multidrug resistance. Acetaminophen showed significant antimicrobial activity with a zone of inhibition of 21 ± 1.52 mm, and MIC and MBC values of 250 µg/mL and 300 µg/mL, respectively. Acetaminophen inhibited biofilm formation and reduced vicK gene expression (fold change 0.668 vs. 1.018 in controls, P<0.05). Conclusion: Acetaminophen demonstrated significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects on S. mutans, along with a notable down-regulation of the vicK gene, which is crucial for biofilm formation. These findings suggest that acetaminophen could be repurposed as a potential therapeutic agent for managing oral infections, particularly those caused by resistant S. mutans strains. Further clinical trials are warranted to explore its efficacy and safety in vivo.  },  
Keywords = {Acetaminophen, Dental Caries, Oral Health, Streptococcus mutans},
volume = {11},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {174-184}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.3.174},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-874-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-874-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Abraham, Sinta and Raj, Pradeep and Chitra, Pras},  
title = {Influence of Vertical Skeletal Pattern on Ramal Morphology and Optimal Screw Insertion Angulation}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: The mandibular ramus is increasingly used as an anchorage site for orthodontic miniscrews; however, anatomical variability related to vertical skeletal growth patterns may influence placement safety and stability. This study assessed mandibular ramus morphology, buccal cortical bone density, and insertion angles across different growth patterns using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), aiming to propose growth-pattern specific guidelines for ramal screw insertion.    Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analyzed CBCT scans of 81 adults aged 18-35 years. Subjects were equally stratified into hypodivergent, normodivergent, and hyperdivergent growth patterns. Standardized sagittal sections taken 5 mm above the occlusal plane were used to measure ramal width, thickness, height, proximity to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), cortical bone density, and ramal screw insertion angle. Intergroup comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test (alpha=0.05).    Results: Vertical growth pattern significantly influenced all parameters (P<0.001). Hypodivergent subjects showed the greatest ramal width, thickness, and height, IAN clearance, and the highest bone density. Hyperdivergent individuals demonstrated markedly reduced dimensions and the lowest density. The modified N-angle differed significantly, being smallest in hypodivergent (8.62 degrees) and greatest in normodivergent (27.45 degrees) types. Conclusion: The results showed that vertical skeletal growth pattern significantly influences mandibular ramal morphology, cortical bone density, and screw insertion angulation. Hypodivergent individuals exhibited the most favorable anatomical characteristics, whereas hyperdivergent individuals demonstrated reduced dimensions and density, requiring steeper insertion angulations. These findings highlight the importance of growth pattern-specific planning to enhance the safety and predictability of ramal screw placement.  },  
Keywords = {Bone Density, Bone Screws, Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Mandibular Nerve},
volume = {11},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {185-194}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.3.185},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1427-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1427-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Veeraraghavan, Vishnu Priya and PJ, Nagarathna and Manyam, Ravikanth and A, Aysha Jebin and ReddyAileni, Kaladhar and RPatil, Santosh},  
title = {Artificial Intelligence-Driven Models in Dental Trauma Management: Risk Prediction and Prognostic Evaluation of Treatment Outcomes}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Artificial intelligence (AI) offers a promising approach for stratifying risk and forecasting outcomes. This study evaluated the efficacy of an AI-based system in predicting dental trauma risk and assessing the long-term prognosis of traumatized teeth.    Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 138 participants aged 10–50 years. Data on malocclusion severity, sports participation, and age were integrated into an AI system. The model stratified participants into low, moderate, and high-risk categories for dental trauma, and predicted long-term outcomes for traumatized teeth based on treatment modalities. Model performance was validated using sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) metrics. Prognostic evaluations were compared across endodontic therapy, splinting, and extraction using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis.    Results: The AI model demonstrated high sensitivity (92%) and specificity (90%) in predicting trauma risk, with an AUROC of 0.92. Severe malocclusion significantly increased trauma risk [odds ratio (OR): 3.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.8–5.3; P<0.01]. Sports participation was associated with a 2.7-fold increased risk (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.5–4.8; P<0.01). Prognostic assessments revealed that endodontic therapy had the highest survival probability (12-month survival >85%), followed by splinting (~70%) and extraction (<60%). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed significantly better outcomes for endodontic therapy compared to splinting and extraction (P<0.01). Conclusion: The AI system effectively predicted trauma risk and prognosis, demonstrating its potential as a clinical tool for dental trauma management. Integrating AI into routine practice can improve preventive strategies and guide treatment planning, enhancing patient outcomes},  
Keywords = {Artificial Intelligence, Malocclusion, Prognosis, Risk assessment, Tooth Avulsion},
volume = {11},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {195-203}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.3.195},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-910-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-910-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {AlizadRahvar, Maryam and Safi, Yaser and Tehranchi, Azita and Khodadadi, Fatemeh and Javadian, Zahr},  
title = {Correlation of Cleft Palate Volume with Nasal Cavity Volume in Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study aimed to assess the association of cleft palate volume (CPV) and nasal cavity volume (NCV) in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).    Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated the CBCT scans of 70 Caucasian patients with UCLP between 5 and 15 years. All patients had undergone CBCT after primary lip and palate repair and orthodontic expansion, and before eruption of their permanent canine teeth and alveolar graft surgery. The NCV was measured using the volume measurement tool of On-Demand 3D application while CPV was measured using Mimics software and the respective anatomical landmarks. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between CPV and NCV, and linear regression was applied to analyze the effects of age, gender, CPV, and cleft side on NCV (alpha=0.05).    Results: A significant correlation was found between the mean CPV (528.81±210.91 mm3) and the mean NCV (11925.68±3429.08 mm3), such that the NCV decreased with an increase in CPV (r=-0.308, P=0.009). The correlation of CPV and NCV was inversely significant in boys (r=-0.350, P=0.029) but not in girls (r=-0.360, P=0.060). A significant inverse correlation existed between CPV and NCV in boys between 5 and 9 years (r=-0.573, P=0.008). Linear regression showed that CPV and gender significantly affected the NCV (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed a reduction in NCV by an increase in CPV in patients with UCLP; this finding can play a prominent role in treatment planning and prognosis of such patients.  },  
Keywords = {Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Nasal Cavity, Cleft Palate},
volume = {11},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {204-212}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.3.204},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1518-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1518-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Tehrani, Zahra and AlamdariMahd, Mandana and NematiAnaraki, Saed and Sanei, Elahe and Zahedirad, Sar},  
title = {Comparison of Discoloration of Primary Anterior Teeth Caused by Sideral Gocce versus Lipifer Liposomal Iron Drops: An In Vitro Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a prevalent nutritional disorder among children. Oral iron supplements are essential for prevention and treatment of IDA but often cause tooth discoloration. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the color change (ΔE*) induced by Sideral® Gocce and Lipifer® iron drops in extracted primary anterior teeth over a 2-week exposure period.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 28 sound extracted human primary anterior teeth were randomly divided into two groups (n=14) of Sideral® Gocce (sucrosomial iron) and Lipifer® (nanoliposomal iron). Baseline color was measured with a VITA Easyshade® Compact spectrophotometer using the CIE L*a*b* system. Teeth underwent daily immersion in the respective iron drop, followed by rinsing and storage in artificial saliva. Color assessments were repeated after the first and second weeks. ΔE was calculated using the CIE76 formula for the following intervals: baseline to week 1 (ΔE*ab₁₋₀), week 1 to week 2 (ΔE*ab₂₋₁), and baseline to week 2 (ΔE*ab₂₋₀). Data were analyzed with an independent t-test (alpha=0.05).    Results: No significant differences were found between the groups for ΔE*ab₁₋₀ (P=0.095) or ΔE*ab₂₋₁ (P=0.122). However, Lipifer® caused significantly less cumulative discoloration of primary teeth than Sideral® Gocce over the 2-week exposure period (P=0.046). Conclusion: The results showed that under the present in vitro conditions, Lipifer® caused significantly less cumulative discoloration of primary anterior teeth than Sideral® Gocce over the 2-week exposure period. No significant differences were observed between the groups during the shorter assessment intervals.  },  
Keywords = {Iron compounds, Iron deficiencies, Liposomes, Tooth, Deciduous, Tooth discoloration},
volume = {11},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {213-219}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.3.213},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1534-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1534-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Moshkbouy, Elham and Mokhtari, Saeedeh and Baniebrahimi, Ghazaleh and Davaie, Sotoudeh and Kharazifard, Mohammad Jav},  
title = {Comparative Effects of Silver Diamine Fluoride and Self-Assembling Peptide on Microhardness, Qualitative Surface Morphology, and Reminerali‌zation of Incipient Enamel Lesions in Primary Teeth: An In Vitro Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study compared the effects of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and self-assembling peptide (SAP) on microhardness, qualitative surface morphology, and remineralization of artificially induced incipient enamel lesions in primary teeth.    Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted primary molars were included in this in vitro study. Thirty-six teeth were selected for microhardness testing and exposed to a demineralizing solution for 36 hours to induce incipient enamel lesions. The samples were randomly assigned to SDF, SAP, and untreated control groups (n=12 each) and were subsequently stored in artificial saliva under pH-cycling conditions for 45 days. Vickers microhardness was recorded at baseline, after lesion formation, and after the remineralization period. Twenty-four other teeth underwent environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) to examine their enamel surface morphology after the demineralization/remineralization cycles. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA and a repeated-measures general linear model (alpha=0.05).    Results: Baseline microhardness did not differ significantly among the groups (P=0.564). Demineralization significantly reduced enamel microhardness in all groups, without a significant intergroup difference (P=0.778). Following remineralization, microhardness differed significantly among the groups; both SAP (P<0.001) and SDF (P=0.004) produced higher values than the control. Time (P<0.001) and interaction of time and group (P<0.001) significantly affected the microhardness. ESEM observations showed the most organized mineral/crystal reformation in the SAP-treated samples, followed by those treated with SDF. Conclusion: In this in vitro study, SDF and SAP comparably improved the microhardness of demineralized primary enamel. ESEM findings suggested a more favorable structural reorganization and remineralization pattern after SAP application.  },  
Keywords = {Dental enamel, Hardness, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Silver Diamine Fluoride, Tooth, Deciduous, Tooth remineralization},
volume = {11},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {220-231}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.3.220},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1570-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1570-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Farahzadfard, Milad and AlamdariMahd, M},  
title = {Effect of Commonly Used Pediatric Medications on Primary Enamel Microhardness: An In Vitro Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study assessed the effect of commonly used pediatric medications on primary enamel microhardness.   Materials and Methods: This in vitro study was conducted on 40 extracted sound primary anterior teeth. The teeth were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n=10) to expose a 3x3 mm window on their buccal surface to acetaminophen syrup (group A), amoxicillin (group B), iron drops (group C), and artificial saliva (group D) after measuring their baseline microhardness with a hardness tester. The pH of the medications was also measured. The teeth were immersed in 5 mL of the respective drug 3 times/day in groups A and B, and once a day in group C, each time for 3 minutes for 5 days. Their secondary microhardness was then measured. One random tooth from each group underwent scanning electron microscopy (SEM) assessment in the last day of the intervention. Erosion was categorized using the Primary Enamel Surface (PES) scale. Data were analyzed using repeated measures and one-way ANOVA, paired t-test, and Tamhane’s test (alpha=0.05).    Results: The microhardness change was significantly greater in the iron drops than in the acetaminophen (P<0.001), amoxicillin (P<0.001), and control (P<0.001) groups. Acetaminophen caused a significantly greater reduction than amoxicillin (P<0.001). The reduction in microhardness was only significant in the acetaminophen (P<0.001) and iron drops (P<0.001) groups. Conclusion: This in vitro study showed that iron drops followed by acetaminophen caused a significant reduction in primary enamel microhardness. The microhardness reduction by amoxicillin did not reach statistical significance.  },  
Keywords = {Acetaminophen, Amoxicillin, Enamel, Iron, Dietary, Tooth, Deciduous},
volume = {11},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {232-241}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.3.232},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1626-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1626-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Aghmasheh, Farhad and Hekmat, Bahareh and Mozafar, Ari},  
title = {Association between Anatomical Variations of the Osteomeatal Complex and Pathological Conditions of the Maxillary Sinus on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Images}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: The osteomeatal complex (OMC) plays a critical role in the ventilation and drainage of the paranasal sinuses, particularly the maxillary sinus. Anatomical variations in this region may predispose individuals to impaired drainage and development of various pathologies. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between anatomical variations of the OMC and maxillary sinus pathology using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).    Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study evaluated 249 CBCT scans of the sinonasal region of patients referred to the Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology Department of Zanjan Dental School during 2023-‌2024. All scans were assessed for the presence of anatomical variations in the OMC and pathological findings in the maxillary sinuses. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test, odds ratios (OR), and post-hoc power analysis, with a significance level set at 0.05.    Results: The findings revealed a significant association between the presence of nasal septal deviation (NSD) and the presence of mucosal thickening (P=0.03, OR=1.83). Additionally, the presence of pneumatized uncinate process (P=0.03, OR=6), atelectatic uncinate process (P=0.02, OR=6.8), and Haller cells (P=0.01, OR=2.9) had a significant association with the occurrence of sinus polyps. Other anatomical variations investigated did not demonstrate a statistically significant relationship with maxillary sinus pathologies (P>0.05). Furthermore, the prevalence of mucosal thickening was significantly higher in males compared to females (P=0.03). Conclusion: Certain anatomical variations of the OMC may contribute to the dysfunction of the maxillary sinus and development of pathological conditions such as polyps.  },  
Keywords = {Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Maxillary Sinus, Paranasal Sinuses},
volume = {11},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {242-250}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.3.242},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1464-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1464-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ghelmani, Sayyed Mohammad-Reza and Nahidi, Reza and Zarbakhsh, Arash},  
title = {Effect of Polishing and Glazing on Microhardness of Monolithic Zirconia, Lithium Disilicate, and Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate CAD/CAM Ceramics: An In Vitro Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study aimed to assess the effect of polishing and glazing on microhardness of monolithic zirconia, lithium disilicate (LDS), and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramics.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, square-shaped specimens (10 x 10 x 1 mm) were fabricated from Suprinity, IPS e.max CAD, and Incoris ZI ceramics (n=24 from each). Each group was subdivided into three subgroups (n=8) for (I) glazing, (II) polishing with Diapol Twist kit, and (III) no surface treatment (control). Microhardness was assessed using Vickers hardness tester. Comparisons were made with two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (alpha=0.05).    Results: Ceramic type had a significant effect on microhardness (P<0.001) such that Incoris ZI showed the highest, and IPS e.max CAD showed the lowest microhardness (P<0.05). The effect of surface treatment on microhardness was also significant (P<0.001) such that the control group showed the highest and the polishing group showed the lowest microhardness (P<0.05). The interaction effect of ceramic type and surface treatment on microhardness was not significant (P=0.454). Conclusion: Within the study limitations, the findings showed that the microhardness values differed significantly across groups, and the control group had a higher microhardness than the polishing and glazing groups. The values tended to be higher for Incoris ZI ceramic, indicating that this ceramic may demonstrate greater wear resistance in clinical situations.  },  
Keywords = {Computer-Aided Design, Dental Polishing, Hardness, Yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia},
volume = {11},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {251-258}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.3.251},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-919-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-919-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mojtahedzadeh, kiana and Panahandeh, Narges and Nikaein, Mahs},  
title = {Comparative Effects of Two Fluoride Varnishes on Microhardness of Demineralized Enamel: An In Vitro Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Different fluoride varnish formulations may exhibit varying effects on the recovery of demineralized enamel. This study aimed to compare the effects of two fluoride varnishes on the microhardness of demineralized enamel.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 40 sound enamel specimens were prepared and assigned to four groups (n=10): sound enamel, demineralized enamel, remineralized enamel using AV varnish (Avijeh Teb Parsian), and remineralized enamel using Enamelast (Ultradent). In each group, the baseline enamel microhardness was first measured at the surface and then from the most superficial point towards the dentinoenamel junction at 10 µm intervals. To measure the depth of demineralization and remineralization, the specimens were mesiodistally sectioned by a thin sectioner. A standard acid with a pH of 4.4 was used for enamel demineralization. Microhardness was measured by the Vickers microhardness tester. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test (alpha=0.05).    Results: Application of fluoride varnish effectively enhanced enamel remineralization, and the efficacy of the two varnishes was significantly different for enamel remineralization both at the enamel surface and also at different depths (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that both Enamelast and AV fluoride varnishes increased demineralized enamel microhardness. Enamelast was more effective than AV for enhancement of superficial enamel microhardness while AV was more effective in enhancement of deep enamel microhardness. None of the varnishes could increase demineralized enamel microhardness to the level of sound enamel.},  
Keywords = {Dental Enamel, Fluorides, Topical, Hardness, Tooth Demineralization, Tooth Remineralization},
volume = {11},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {259-267}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.11.3.259},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1438-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1438-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2026}  
}