@article{ 
author = {Sadri, Donia and Rajabi, Alirez},  
title = {Critical Thinking Skills of a Group of Iranian Dental Students}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study aimed to assess the critical thinking skills (CTS) of a group of Iranian dental students.   Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 355 dental students of the Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University in the clinical training period (academic years 3-6) in 2022-2023. The CTS of students were evaluated by using the valid and reliable Persian version of the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (CCTST). Correlations between the CTS total and domain scores with demographic variables were analyzed by the multiple linear regression and Pearson’s correlation tests (alpha=0.05).  Results: A total of 260 questionnaires were filled out and returned, yielding a response rate of 73.2%. The mean age of the participants was 23.90±2.89 years. There were 60.8% females and 39.2% males. Of all, 74.2% were single, and 25.8% were married. Also, 34.2% had an extracurricular clinical dental practice. The mean total CTS score was 10.66±2.83 out of 34, which had a significant correlation with the academic level (P=0.005), such that the mean CTS score was significantly higher in senior dental students. The mean CTS score had no significant correlation with age, gender, marital status, or extracurricular clinical practice (P>0.05). Conclusion: The mean CTS score of dental students of the Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University was lower than the standard average, highlighting the need for educational interventions to improve it.  },  
Keywords = {Thinking, Students, Dental, Education, Dental},
volume = {10},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {1-7}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.1.1},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-623-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-623-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {NazemiSalman, Bahareh and Aliyari, Negin and Yazdinezhad, Alireza and Taheri, Seyede Solmaz and MohammadiQeydari, Mahtab},  
title = {Effect of Silver Nanoparticles Green Synthesized by Using the Quercus Infectoria Extract on Some Dental Pathogens}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Green synthesis through using plants such as Quercus infectoria (Q. infectoria) is a relatively novel technique for synthesis of nanoparticles. This study aimed to assess the effect of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) green synthesized by using the Q. infectoria extract on some dental pathogens. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, SNPs were synthesized by using the Q. infectoria extract and silver nitrate. Formation of SNPs was confirmed by UV-visible spectrophotometry. Presence/absence and proliferation of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus salivarius (S. salivarius), Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus), Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) were evaluated by observing the tube turbidity following their culture in presence of SNPs. Also, different concentrations of Q. infectoria extract (1, ½, ¼, 1/8, and 1/16) were added to 5 bacterial plates, and the diameter of the growth inhibition zones was measured by a ruler. The results were reported descriptively.  Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SNPs against L. acidophilus was lower than that for other pathogens. The highest antibacterial effect was observed in concentration of 1 against L. acidophilus, and ½ on S. salivarius and L. acidophilus. Also, L. acidophilus was the most sensitive and E. faecalis was the least sensitive microorganism to ¼, 1/8, and 1/16 concentrations. The 1/16 concentration caused no growth inhibition zone in E. faecalis plate. Conclusion: Green synthesized SNPs had acceptable antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms, and may be used as an antibacterial agent against these pathogens.  },  
Keywords = {Silver, Nanoparticles, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus},
volume = {10},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {8-14}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.1.8},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-552-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-552-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Tahmasbi, Soodeh and TaghaviLarijani, Seyyed Arian and Namdari, Mahshid and Behnaz, Mohammad and Ghaffari, Sami},  
title = {Frequency and Pattern of Skeletal Anchorage Usage by Iranian Orthodontists: A Cross-sectional Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Considering the importance of skeletal anchorage in orthodontic treatment, this study aimed to assess the frequency and pattern of skeletal anchorage usage by Iranian orthodontists. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 301 Iranian orthodontists filled out a questionnaire consisting of 10 questions, 5 about miniscrews and 5 about miniplate usage. It also asked for the demographic information of the participants. The relationship between the participants' demographic information and their responses to the questions was also analyzed. Statistical analysis was conducted by the Chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, t-test, and Mann-Whitney test (alpha=0.05).  Results: There were 46.7% males and 53.3% females with a mean age of 38.9 years and a mean work experience of 8.95 years. Of all, 89.7% of the participants used miniscrews and 16.3% of them used miniscrews and miniplates. Generally, participants not using skeletal anchorage were significantly older (P=0.002) and had a significantly longer work experience (P=0.000). Also, there was no significant association between gender and skeletal anchorage usage (P=0.204). From the perspective of the orthodontists, the main indication of anchorage devices was to provide optimal anchorage. Conclusion: The results showed that a high percentage of Iranian orthodontists used different types of skeletal anchorage devices. They preferred to use miniscrews more frequently than miniplates, mostly due to difficulties associated with their surgical insertion. Also, it was observed that older orthodontists used skeletal anchorage less frequently than younger orthodontists.  },  
Keywords = {Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures, Orthodontists, Surveys and Questionnaires},
volume = {10},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {15-24}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.1.15},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-690-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-690-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Parisay, Iman and BorouziNiat, Alireza and Toumaj, Ahmad and Bahramian, Lida and Tarkhani, Mahdieh and FallahToosi, Fatemeh and Mohammadi, Homeir},  
title = {Fracture Resistance and Esthetic Appearance of Reattached Incisor Tooth Fragments with Different Preparation Techniques in Simulated Crown Fractures}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study compared the fracture resistance and esthetic appearance of reattached incisor tooth fragments with different preparation techniques in simulated crown fractures (CFs). Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 50 permanent maxillary incisors were randomly divided into five groups (n=10). After induction of uncomplicated CFs, the fractured teeth were restored using five methods: (I) simple reattachment (SR), (II) circumferential chamfer (CC), (III) buccal scalloped bevel and lingual bevel (BSB&LB), (IV) buccal and lingual overcontour (BO&LO), and (V) buccal scalloped bevel and lingual overcontour (BSB&LO). After thermocycling, the fracture resistance of the teeth was measured, and their esthetic appearance was assessed using Easyshade spectrophotometer and the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) visual scale. One-way ANOVA, Tukey’s post-hoc test, and paired t-test were used to analyze the data (alpha=0.05).  Results: The secondary fracture resistance was significantly lower than the primary fracture resistance in the control (P=0.000), CC (P=0.01), BSB&LB (P=0.004), BO&LO (P<0.001), and BSB&LO (P<0.001) groups. The CC group showed a significantly higher secondary fracture resistance than the BO&LO group (P=0.02). Although a more favorable esthetic appearance was observed in the BSB&LB group, no significant difference was found in color difference (∆E) among the groups. Moreover, no statistically significant difference was detected among the study groups regarding the USPHS scale (P>0.05). Conclusion: Restoration with the CC method may improve the fracture resistance of reattached fragments in simulated CFs in maxillary incisors. However, no considerable difference was found regarding the esthetic appearance among the tested techniques.  },  
Keywords = {Esthetics, Dental, Dental Prosthesis, Tooth Crown},
volume = {10},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {25-33}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.1.25},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-768-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-768-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mosadeghian, Sina and Torkzadeh, Azadeh and Ranjbarian, Parisa and Asaadi, Roy},  
title = {Position of Second Mesiobuccal Canal Relative to Distobuccal and Palatal Canals of Maxillary Molars in an Iranian Population}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study assessed the position of the second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal relative to the distobuccal (DB) and palatal (P) canals of maxillary molars in an Iranian population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated 110 CBCT scans of patients retrieved from a radiology clinic in Isfahan, Iran. The MB1-MB2 inter-orifice distance, and the angle formed between the MB1-MB2 line and the DB-P line were measured on reconstructed axial sections. The angulation of MB2 orifice relative to the DB and P canals was categorized as positive, negative, and parallel. Data were compared by Student t-test, Fisher’s exact test, and Chi-square test (alpha=0.05).  Results: The mean MB1-MB2 inter-orifice distance was not significantly different in first and second molars, in the right and left sides, or in males and females (P>0.05). Negative angulation of MB2 orifice relative to the DB and P canals had the highest frequency (72.7%) followed by positive angulation (23.6%). Angulation of MB2 orifice had no significant correlation with tooth type (first/second molar), laterality, or gender (P>0.05). Conclusion: The mean MB1-MB2 inter-orifice distance had no significant correlation with tooth type, laterality, or gender. Negative angulation of the MB2 relative to the DB and P canals had the highest frequency, indicating that if a hypothetical line is drawn from the MB1 orifice parallel to the DB-P line, the MB2 orifice would be probably at the distal of this line. Angulation of MB2 orifice had no significant correlation with tooth type, laterality, or gender.  },  
Keywords = {Maxilla, Molar, Cone-Beam Computed Tomography},
volume = {10},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {34-39}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.1.34},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-703-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-703-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Golla, Vamsee Priya and Mantena, Satyanarayana Raju and Alla, Rama Krishna and Guduri, Vineeth and SajjanMC, Suresh and D, Bheemalingeswara Rao and Kandukuri, Deepik},  
title = {Mechanical Properties of Denture Base Materials Modified with Zirconia Nanotubes}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Several studies have investigated the effect of addition of fillers on mechanical strength of denture base materials. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties of heat-cure denture base materials incorporated with different concentrations of zirconia nanotubes (ZNTs). Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 90 specimens were fabricated from each denture base resin material (Trevlon and DPI) and divided into three groups (n=30) based on the mechanical properties to be tested (flexural strength, impact strength, and surface hardness). Thirty specimens in each group were further subdivided into 5 subgroups (n=6) based on the weight percentage (wt%) of ZNTs (0.0wt%, 0.5wt%, 1.0wt%, 2.0wt%, and 5.0wt%). The specimens were subjected to flexural strength, impact strength, and surface hardness testing using a universal testing machine, IZOD impact testing machine, and Vickers hardness tester, respectively. One-way ANOVA and post-hoc tests were used for statistical analyses (alpha=0.05).  Results: The maximum flexural strength was observed following the inclusion of 2.0wt% and 1.0wt% ZNTs in Trevlon and DPI, respectively. The maximum impact strength was obtained with the addition of 1.0wt% ZNTs to both Trevlon and DPI. The surface hardness of Trevlon and DPI increased significantly with an increase in the concentration of ZNTs (P=0.005). Flexural strength (P=0.000) and surface hardness (P=0.005) were significantly different among various concentrations of Trevlon and DPI, but the impact strength (P=0.013) was significantly different only in DPI. Conclusion: The optimal concentration of ZNTs to obtain enhanced mechanical properties of denture base resins was found to be 1.0wt%.  },  
Keywords = {Flexural Strength, Hardness, Polymethyl Methacrylate, Zirconium Oxide},
volume = {10},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {40-50}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.1.40},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-642-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-642-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Ehteshami, Ailin and Rashno, Mohamm},  
title = {Effects of Sodium Hypochlorite and Hydrochloric Acid on Hardness and Surface Roughness of Orthodontic Thermoplastic Retainers}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: No consensus has been reached on a safe method for disinfection of orthodontic retainers without altering their physical properties. This study investigated the effects of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 10% hydrochloric acid on hardness and surface roughness of thermoplastic orthodontic retainers. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 40 samples measuring 10 x 8 x 2 mm were prepared using 1-mm-thick polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) Essix sheets, and randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10). In group A, the samples were immersed in 5.25% NaOCl for 15 minutes followed by immersion in 10% hydrochloric acid for 15 minutes. This process was repeated twice in group B and thrice in group C. Group D served as the control group. Surface roughness was measured by a profilometer, and hardness was measured by a Vickers hardness tester. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and Bonferroni tests (alpha=0.05).  Results: Immersion frequency had no significant effect on surface roughness (P=0.096). A significant difference was found in hardness among the groups (P=0.008). The mean hardness of group B was significantly lower than that of group C (P=0.004). The three test groups had no significant difference with the control group in this regard (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, 15 minutes of immersion in 5.25% NaOCl followed by 15 minutes of immersion in hydrochloric acid for 3 times had no significant clinical effect on the hardness and surface roughness of PETG sheets used for the fabrication of thermoplastic orthodontic retainers.  },  
Keywords = {Hydrochloric Acid, Sodium Hypochlorite, Orthodontic Retainers, Polyethylene Terephthalates},
volume = {10},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {51-58}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.1.51},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-798-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-798-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Hoseini-sharif, Seyedeh-Zahra and Namiranian, Nasim and Owlia, Fatemeh},  
title = {Inter-disciplinary Gap between Medicine and Dentistry: Referral Pattern, and Attitude of Physicians towards Oral Medicine in Yazd Province}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Oral health neglect could be an indicator of more serious mistakes in medicine. This study was conducted to assess the referral pattern and attitude of physicians towards oral medicine specialty, and their performance in dealing with oral lesions. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, validated questionnaires were administered among 180 medical practitioners with different specialties working in Yazd, Iran. The questions were about the referral pattern, attitude towards oral medicine specialty, and their performance in dealing with oral lesions. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, paired t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation test (alpha=0.05).  Results: Of all, 81.1% of the participants had at least one encounter with an oral lesion. One hundred respondents (82.6%) were aware of oral medicine as an independent specialty. The most referred cases were oral lesions in pregnant women (59%), followed by oral ulcers, and red-white lesions (54.1%). The mean score of referral pattern had no significant association with specialty, gender, age, experience, and workplace, but the highest score was acquired by surgeons. The difference in attitude based on specialty was significant (P=0.02), and the highest score was acquired by ENT specialists. Males had a significantly more positive attitude towards oral medicine specialists. There was a significant positive correlation between practice and attitude (P=0.001, r=0.285). Conclusion: Considering the unfavorable attitude and poor practice of medical specialists, it is time to reiterate and enhance the knowledge of physicians about oral medicine specialty.    },  
Keywords = {Dentistry, Medicine, Oral Medicine, Referral and Consultation},
volume = {10},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {59-67}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.1.59},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-587-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-587-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {ZareBidoki, Faeze and HeidarkhaniTehrani, Sanaz and kiyamehr, Zahr},  
title = {Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of the Silent Sinus Syndrome: The Importance of Simultaneous Assessment}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: The silent sinus syndrome (SSS) is indeed a rare clinical condition. The exact cause of SSS is still unknown, but it is believed to result from chronic negative pressure within the maxillary sinus, leading to progressive inward retraction of the sinus walls and subsequent orbital floor remodeling. Case Presentation: This case report describes a 61-year-old male with slight facial asymmetry and nasal septum deviation with a normal range of vision. According to cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) findings, the right maxillary sinus appeared hypoplastic and opaque and the right orbit had 4.58 mm displacement compared to the left orbit. Conclusion: Accurate diagnosis of the SSS requires assessing clinical and radiographic findings. Rhinologists and, to a lesser extent, ophthalmologists and dentomaxillofacial radiologists are skilled at diagnosing SSS through CBCT imaging of the paranasal sinuses. However, general radiologists are not often well aware of this syndrome. Increasing awareness among general radiologists is vital for prompt identification and appropriate care.  },  
Keywords = {Enophthalmos, Maxillary Sinus, Syndrome},
volume = {10},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {68-72}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.1.68},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-429-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-429-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mehta, Vini and Tripathy, Snehasish and Aggarwal, Shalini and Mathur, Ankita and Meto, Ai},  
title = {Effectiveness of Crossword Puzzles in Dental Education: A Scoping Review}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Several studies have investigated the application of crossword puzzles in educational sectors. However, little research has particularly addressed their application and effectiveness in dentistry. Therefore, this scoping review aimed to map the current evidence regarding the inclusion of crossword puzzles in dental educational programs and their influence on the educational outcomes of dental students. Materials and Methods: We electronically searched the PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar databases and hand-searched pertinent article references to solicit appropriate studies. A narrative synthesis was performed since the studies were heterogeneous in the result parameters.  Results: Crossword puzzles provide students with an enjoyable and engaging learning experience, improve cognitive skills like comprehension and problem-solving, and promote active learning. They have received substantial backing from dental students for inclusion in the dental curricula. Conclusion: Incorporation of crossword puzzles and other gamified approaches could be a promising option to enhance dental education practices.  },  
Keywords = {Education, Dental, Gamification, Problem-Based Learning},
volume = {10},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {73-81}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.1.73},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-675-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-675-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Fazlyab, Mahta and Hosseini, Zohreh Sadat and Vatanpour, Mehdi and Rezaei, Fatemeh},  
title = {Effect of 660 nm and 808 nm Low-Level Diode Laser Irradiation on Production of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor by Human Gingival Fibroblasts: An in vitro Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study aimed to assess the effect of 660 nm and 808 nm low-level diode laser irradiation on the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs).    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, HGFs were cultured in McCoy’s 5A modified medium and assigned to three groups of control, 660 nm laser irradiation, and 808 nm laser irradiation. The concentration of VEGF was measured in the three groups at 1, 3, and 7 days after the intervention using ELISA. The three groups were compared in this respect using repeated measures ANOVA. Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05.    Results: The concentration of VEGF in 808 nm laser group was significantly higher than that in the control and 660 nm laser groups (P<0.05). Also, the concentration of VEGF in 660 nm laser group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The concentration of VEGF at 7 days was significantly higher than that at 1 and 3 days, and the value at 3 days was significantly higher than that at 1 day in all three groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it appears that irradiation of 660 and 808 nm diode laser can increase the production of VEGF by HGFs.},  
Keywords = {Fibroblasts, Low-Level Light Therapy, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors},
volume = {10},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {82-87}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.2.82},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-797-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-797-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Maleki, Shabnam and Khodadadi, Effat and Mahmoudi, Elham and Seyedmajidi, Seyedali},  
title = {In Vitro Cleaning Efficacy of Neolix and M3 Immatural Rotary Files in Comparison with Hand Files in Primary Molar Root Canals}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study assessed the cleaning efficacy of Neolix and M3 Immatural rotary files compared with hand K-files in primary molar root canals.    Materials and Methods: This in vitro study evaluated 40 primary maxillary and mandibular molars. After access cavity preparation, Indian ink was injected into the root canals of primary molars. The teeth were then randomly divided into three experimental and one control group (n=30 canals per group). In group 1, the root canals were instrumented with #20 M3 Immatural file and then with #25/4% to the working length. In group 2, the root canals were instrumented with #25/6% Neoniti A1 file. In group 3, hand K-files were used for instrumentation of the mesial canals of mandibular molars and buccal canals of maxillary molars to #25, and palatal canals of maxillary molars and distal canals of mandibular molars to #30. Group 4 served as the control group and was only rinsed with saline with no instrumentation. After clearing, the teeth were inspected under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests.    Results: No significant difference was noted among the groups in cleaning of the coronal third of the root canals (P=0.174). In the middle and apical thirds, two rotary systems showed significantly superior cleaning compared with hand files (P=0.031 and P=0.007, respectively), but there was no significant difference between the two rotary files (P>0.05). Conclusion: Neolix and M3 Immatural files can serve as efficient alternatives to hand files for pulpectomy of primary molars.},  
Keywords = {Instrumentation, Pulpectomy, Root Canal Therapy, Tooth, Deciduous},
volume = {10},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {88-95}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.2.88},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-903-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-903-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {T, Nripan and Vaswani, R Vina and Pramod, Leena K and Ravindran, Rathy and SirajE, Saira and MS, Deep},  
title = {Comparison of the London Atlas Method of Age Estimation with the Chronological Age in a South Kerala Population}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: The London Atlas is a recently introduced method of age estimation using orthopantomographs (OPGs), which has not been tested in the Kerala population. Thus, the present study was carried out to assess and compare the chronological age of the participants with the estimated age using the London Atlas method. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate the London Atlas method for age estimation using OPGs of 220 healthy individuals (60.5% females and 39.5% males) between 5 to 23.99 years collected from the archives. The chronological age of the participants was calculated using their date of birth. Data were analyzed by paired t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (alpha=0.05). The intra-examiner reliability was analyzed using the Cohen’s kappa.  Results: A statistically significant difference existed between the chronological age and the age estimated using the London Atlas method (t-value=-8.301, P<0.05). A positive statistically significant correlation was found between the estimated age using the London Atlas method and the chronological age in all age groups (Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.989 in males and 0.985 in females, P<0.05). The goodness of fit evaluation of the London Atlas method for prediction of actual age indicated that the model can fit with R2 value of 0.975. Conclusion: The London Atlas method showed a strong positive correlation with actual chronological age while at the same time a statistically significant difference existed between the actual age and estimated age. There was no difference in age estimation between the two genders.},  
Keywords = {Age Determination by Teeth, Forensic Dentistry, Radiography, Panoramic},
volume = {10},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {96-102}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.2.96},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-719-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-719-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mohitmafi, Nazanin and Parsania, Masoud and Alaee, Arezoo and Olyaee, Pooya and Vahedi, Mohamm},  
title = {In Vitro Effect of Photodynamic Therapy with 660 nm Diode Laser and Methylene Blue Photosensitizer on Acyclovir-Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is one of the most common infections of the mouth and face. This study was conducted to assess the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 660 nm diode laser and methylene blue photosensitizer (PS) with different concentrations and radiation parameters on acyclovir-resistant HSV-1.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, first the cytotoxicity of methylene blue for HeLa cells was assessed by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, and its highest non-toxic concentrations were found (0.001%, 0.002%, 0.005%, and 0.01%). Laser was used with 660 nm wavelength, 100 mW power, and 10, 20, and 30 J/cm2 energy densities for 50, 100, and 150 seconds. The samples were divided into 20 groups, including 12 PDT groups with laser and methylene blue, 3 groups subjected to laser irradiation alone, 4 groups exposed to methylene blue alone with different concentrations, and one negative control group. After laser irradiation, HSV-1 was titrated by the tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50) method. Two-way ANOVA was used for data analysis (alpha=0.05).    Results: The effects of methylene blue concentration (0.001%, 0.002%, 0.005%, and 0.01%) (P=0.675) and laser energy density (10, 20, 30 J/cm2) (P=0.914), and their interaction effect (P=0.977) on the titer of acyclovir-resistant HSV-1 were not significant. Conclusion: PDT with 660 nm laser with different energy densities and different methylene blue concentrations had no significant effect on acyclovir-resistant HSV-1.  },  
Keywords = {Acyclovir, Photochemotherapy, Methylene Blue, Herpes Simplex virus},
volume = {10},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {103-110}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.2.103},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-800-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-800-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Vazirizadeh, Yasamin and Mirmohamadsadeghi, Hoori and Behnaz, Mohammad and Kavousinejad, Shahab},  
title = {Development and Evaluation of a Convolutional Neural Network for Automated Detection of Lip Separation on Profile and Frontal Photographs}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Lip incompetence is defined as a habitual gap of more than 3-4 mm between the lips at rest, which can contribute to oral health issues and malocclusions. This study aimed to propose a deep learning-based model for automatic detection of lip separation on orthodontic photographs.    Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study employed a balanced dataset of 800 clinical images, comprising 400 cases of lip incompetence and 400 cases of lip competence. An auto-cropping technique based on averaged manual cropping coordinates was used to isolate the lip region. The cropped images were resized to 70×70 pixels and normalized before feeding into a novel attention-based residual connection convolutional neural network (ARN-CNN). The model incorporated both residual connections and attention modules to enhance feature learning and training stability. Data augmentation (e.g., rotation and scaling) was applied to improve generalizability. Training was conducted using 5-fold cross-validation, with an external test set to evaluate performance and reduce overfitting. Metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, receiver-operating characteristic curve-area under the curve (ROC-AUC), and a confusion matrix were used for performance evaluation.    Results: The ARN-CNN achieved 95% accuracy on the test set. For the competent class, precision was 0.97, recall was 0.94, and F1 score was 0.96. These values were 0.94, 0.96, and 0.95, respectively, for the incompetent class with an AUC of 0.98. Conclusion: The ARN-CNN model effectively identified lip incompetence, highlighting the potential of deep learning to support orthodontic diagnosis through image-based analysis.},  
Keywords = {Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning, Malocclusion, Convolutional Neural Networks, Orthodontics},
volume = {10},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {111-124}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.2.111},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-751-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-751-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {EghbaliZarch, Ahmad and AmiriTehranizadeh, Narjes and Ansari, Ghassem and FallahinejadGhajari, Masou},  
title = {Sedative Effect of Intravenous Propofol-Ketamine and Midazolam Ketamine Combinations for Dental Treatment of Uncooperative 2-6 Year-Old Children: A Clinical Trial}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Various medications are used for intravenous (IV) sedation in pediatric dentistry. This study evaluated the efficacy of IV midazolam/ketamine (MK) versus propofol/ketamine (PK) for dental sedation of uncooperative children.    Materials and Methods: This double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out on 22 healthy, uncooperative children aged 2-6 years requiring two similar dental treatment sessions. Children were randomly assigned to two groups. Group A received PK in their first, and MK in their second visit. Group B received the same combinations in a reverse order. Oxygen saturation rate (SPO2) and heart rate (HR) were recorded at baseline, at the time of IV administration, local anesthetic injection, 15 and 30 minutes later, and at the time of discharge. Two independent calibrated pedodontists scored the sedation level using the Houpt scale during treatment. Data were analyzed by t-test, Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, and one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests.    Results: The mean age of the participants was 3.6 years with a mean weight of 15.68 kg. SPO2 was not significantly different between the two groups (P=0.609). However, the HR was significantly higher in the MK combination (P=0.001). No significant difference was detected between the two combinations for sleepiness (P=0.283), movement (P=0.180), crying (P=0.093), or overall behavior (P=0.364). The recovery time in the PK group was significantly shorter than that in the MK group (P=0.03). Conclusion: Both sedation regimens are effective for dental treatment of uncooperative children. PK combination provided a more acceptable hemodynamic stability and shorter recovery.},  
Keywords = {Deep Sedation, Conscious Sedation, Pediatric Dentistry, Anesthetics, Dissociative, Midazolam, Ketamine, Propofol},
volume = {10},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {125-133}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.2.125},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-636-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-636-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {SadeghiMahounak, Farzaneh and Chiniforush, Nasim and Anagnostaki, Eugenia Anagnostaki and BazariJamkhaneh, Abolfazl and Moradi, Zohreh},  
title = {Effects of Laser-Assisted and LED-Assisted Bleaching Techniques on Color Parameters}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study assessed the effects of laser-assisted and light emitting diode (LED)-assisted bleaching on color parameters.    Materials and Methods: This in vitro study evaluated 40 sound central incisors and premolars immersed in tea solution for 6 days. They were then randomly divided into 4 groups: (I) Bleaching with White Smile containing 40% hydrogen peroxide gel + LED irradiation (Monitex; 4 blue lights with 420-490 nm wavelength and 1 red light with 620-630 nm wavelength), (II) Opalescence Boost containing 40% hydrogen peroxide gel without activation, (III) Opalescence Boost activated by LED, and (IV) Opalescence Boost activated by 980 nm diode laser with 2 W/cm2 power. The color parameters of the teeth were measured at baseline, after staining, immediately after bleaching, and 1 week after bleaching. Color change (∆E) was calculated and analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (alpha=0.05).    Results: Discoloration was significantly resolved in all groups with significant ∆E values (P<0.05). All modalities had a comparable performance regarding the changes in value in the middle and coronal thirds, and caused tooth shade lightening. Opalescence Boost was superior to laser-assisted Opalescence Boost in the incisal third. The changes in a* and b* parameters were not significant and were within the range of lower chroma. Conclusion: The results showed that laser-assisted bleaching with Opalescence Boost had the poorest performance regarding changes in L* parameter. The performance of the conventional Opalescence Boost, LED-assisted Opalescence Boost, and LED-assisted White Smile was the same regarding ∆L, ∆a, and ∆b.},  
Keywords = {Bleaching Agents, Color, Lasers, Tooth Bleaching},
volume = {10},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {134-143}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.2.134},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-755-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-755-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Farahiparizi, Sina and Tabari, Kasra and Torabzadeh, Hasan and Panahandeh, Narges},  
title = {Flexural Strength and Microshear Bond Strength of Conventional and Flowable Composite Resins to Dentin}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the flexural strength (FS) and microshear bond strength (µSBS) of conventional and flowable composite resins to dentin.    Materials and Methods: This in vitro study was conducted on composite specimens fabricated from Filtek Z250 and Clearfil AP-X Esthetics (CE) conventional, and Clearfil AP-X Esthetics Flow (CEF) and Clearfil AP-X Flow (CF) flowable composite resins in 4 groups (n=10). The specimens underwent a 3-point bending test for measurement of their FS. For assessment of µSBS, dentin discs with 2 mm thickness were obtained from the coronal third of the crowns of 20 extracted premolars. Composite resins were bonded to dentin discs in Tygon tubes (1 mm height, 0.7 mm internal diameter) using Tetric N-Bond 5th generation bonding agent, and a universal testing machine measured their µSBS. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (alpha=0.05).    Results: Z250 showed a significantly higher FS than CEF (P=0.002); no other significant difference was found in FS. The two conventional composites (P=0.847) and the two flowable composites (P=0.575) had no significant difference with each other in µSBS. However, the conventional composites had a significantly higher µSBS than the flowable composites (P<0.001). Conclusion: The FS of CEF was significantly lower than that of Z250, and comparable to that of other tested composite resins. All tested composites had a FS higher than 80 MPa recommended by ISO-4049 for restorations under occlusal forces. Both CEF and CF showed significantly lower µSBS than the tested conventional composite resins.},  
Keywords = {Composite Resins, Dental Bonding, Flexural Strength},
volume = {10},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {144-151}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.2.144},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-774-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-774-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Motevaselian, Fariba and Mohaghegh, Behnam and Sadeghi, Farzaneh and Rafeie, Niyousha and Abbasi, Mehdi and RanjbarOmrani, L},  
title = {Dentin Remineralizing Potential of a Bioactive Composite Resin Versus a Conventional Composite Resin: Mineral Index and Microhardness Analysis}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study aimed to compare the dentin demineralization inhibitory potential of a bioactive composite resin (ACTIVA-BioActive) with a conventional composite resin.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 45 class V cavities were prepared on the root surface of extracted human third molars. The teeth were then immersed in a demineralizing solution (lactic acid, pH=4.5) at 37˚C for 3 days to induce the formation of secondary caries. The cavities were restored with Single bond 2 + Z250 (group A), ACTIVA BioActive (group B), and Single bond 2 + ACTIVA BioActive (group C). The dentin microhardness was measured close to the restoration margin (marginally exposed dentin), and at approximately 4 mm distance from the margin in a varnish-covered dentin area (protected dentin). Three measurements were made at each site at 50, 100, and 150 µm depths from the external dentin surface. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (alpha=0.05).     Results: The highest Vickers hardness number (VHN) was observed in ACTIVA+ bonding agent (49.46±4.15), followed by Z250 (44.57±3.87), and ACTIVA (43.44±3.76) group. The mineral index was significantly higher in ACTIVA+ bonding agent (76.87±3.80) compared to other groups while no significant difference was observed between ACTIVA (70.85±4.06) and Z250 (71.98±3.09) in this regard (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results showed that flowable ACTIVA BioActive composite used with Single bond 2 resulted in a significantly smaller reduction in dentin microhardness and reduced secondary caries formation. ACTIVA BioActive with no adhesive had no advantage over Z250 composite.},  
Keywords = {Activa Bioactive Base Liner, Activa Bioactive Restorative, Flowable Hybrid Composite, Tooth Remineralization},
volume = {10},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {152-158}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.2.152},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-764-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-764-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Tahmasebi, Mahdis and HeidarkhanTehrani, Sanaz and Mehmani, Fatemeh and Mesgari, Hassan and Mehdizadeh, Amirrez},  
title = {Anatomical Correlation Between Mandibular Third Molar Position and Retromolar Nerve Variations: A CBCT Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Variations in the retromolar canal (RMC) and retromolar nerve can cause complications. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the anatomical position of mandibular third molars and variations of the retromolar nerve using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging.    Materials and Methods: A descriptive analytical study was conducted on CBCT images of the mandible from 126 individuals (82 females, 44 males) over the age of 25 years. The impaction status of the mandibular third molars was classified using Pell and Gregory's classification, while angulation was determined according to Winter's classification. The presence of the retromolar nerve, its buccal or lingual position relative to the mandibular third molar, and the distance between the RMC and mandibular third molar were evaluated.    Results: The retromolar nerve was present in 53 cases (42.1%). It was positioned buccally in 36 cases (28.6%) and lingually in 17 cases (13.5%) relative to the mandibular third molar. The mean distance between the RMC and the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) of the mandibular third molar was 5.41 mm. A significant relationship was found between the third molar impaction status and presence and position of the retromolar nerve (P=0.002). Conclusion: The retromolar nerve was more frequently present in non-impacted mandibular third molars. In presence of semi-impacted third molars, the nerve was significantly more likely to be positioned buccally. These findings highlight the importance of preoperative CBCT imaging to identify anatomical variations, aiding in surgical planning and reducing the risk of neurological complications during mandibular third molar extractions.  },  
Keywords = {,Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Mandible, Nerve, Molar, Third},
volume = {10},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {159-167}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61186/jrdms.10.2.159},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-866-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-866-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Guha, Poulomi and PriscillaAntony, Delphine and Solete, Pradeep and Arun, Nishith},  
title = {Comparison of Remaining Dentin Thickness, Canal Transportation, and Canal Centering Ratio Using Three Different Rotary File Systems: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Analysis}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study evaluated the remaining dentin thickness (RDT), canal transportation (CT), and canal centering ratio (CCR) of three different rotary file systems using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 153 extracted mandibular molars were evaluated. The working length was determined using CBCT before starting the experiment. A skilled dentist then prepared the root canals using three types of rotary files: ProFit S3, HyFLEX CM, and NeoEndo S. Pre- and post-treatment CBCT scans were analyzed to compare the results. One-way ANOVA and Tukey test were used for statistical analysis.    Results: ProFit S3 demonstrated a superior performance in preserving dentin thickness and maintaining canal geometry compared to HyFlex CM and NeoEndo S. In both MB and ML canals, at 6 mm and 9 mm, ProFit S3 exhibited significantly higher RDT (P≤0.007), less CT (P≤0.006), and better CCR (P≤0.01) than other systems. Among the remaining systems, HyFlex CM performed better than NeoEndo S for RDT and CT at these levels. At 3 mm, no significant differences were found for RDT or CT; however, ProFit S3 showed significantly better CCR than NeoEndo S (P<0.01) and HyFlex CM (P<0.05). Conclusion: Among the tested systems, ProFit S3 resulted in the least change in canal volume, suggesting that it may be better at preserving the original shape of the root canal, as well as the surrounding dentin, compared to Hyflex CM and NeoEndo S.  },  
Keywords = {Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Endodontics, In Vitro Techniques, Root Canal Preparation},
volume = {10},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {168-175}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61882/jrdms.10.3.168},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-821-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-821-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Foroozandehfar, Nazanin and TavakolDavani, Shiva and Tehranchi, Azita and Amjadi, Parisa and MirmohammadSadeghi, Hoori and Baghban, Alireza Akbarzadeh},  
title = {Comparative Evaluation of Frictional Forces Between a Domestically Produced Orthodontic Bracket and a Well-Established Equivalent During Sliding Mechanics: An In Vitro Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the static and kinetic frictional forces of domestically produced Emerald™ brackets during sliding mechanics and compare them with Mini Master™ brackets, a well-recognized alternative, to determine their viability as a cost-effective and reliable option.    Materials and Methods: For sample selection, 100 brackets from each manufacturer (200 in total) were screened under a light microscope, and then 34 Emerald™ and 34 Mini Master™ brackets were randomly selected. Additionally, 68 rectangular stainless-steel archwires (0.019” ×0.025”) were selected after eligibility assessment. Brackets were mounted on plastic blocks using cyanoacrylate adhesive, and archwires were secured in the bracket slots with elastic ligatures. Friction was measured using a universal testing machine (500-N load cell), with 5 mm/min speed over a 5 mm distance. The Shapiro-Wilk test assessed normality, and the Mann-Whitney U test compared friction between the groups (α = 0.05).    Results: No statistically significant difference was found between the mean kinetic frictional forces of Emerald™ (1.80±0.57 N) and Mini Master™ brackets (1.90±0.29 N) (P=0.342). However, Emerald™ brackets demonstrated significantly lower mean static frictional forces (2.14±0.76 N) compared to Mini Master™ group (2.44±0.41 N) (P=0.045). Additionally, Emerald™ brackets showed greater variability in friction values, with a wider range between minimum and maximum forces than the Mini Master™ group. Conclusion: The results suggest that Emerald™ brackets may provide a low-friction advantage, but their variable friction values require further research to evaluate clinical implications.  },  
Keywords = {Orthodontic Friction, Orthodontics, Orthodontic Brackets},
volume = {10},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {176-183}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61882/jrdms.10.3.176},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-892-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-892-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Abbaspour, Golnaz and BarzegarReyhani, Negin and SafarzadehKhosroshahi, Shadab and Jalalian, Shahriar},  
title = {Fracture Resistance of Unsupported Enamel Reinforced by Glass Fiber Ribbon}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) restoration is a relatively new method used to enhance the durability of composite restorations. This study measured the fracture resistance of unsupported enamel in composite restorations reinforced with fiber ribbon in comparison with conventional composite restorations.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 30 freshly extracted sound premolars were randomly divided into three groups (n=10): (I) control group: intact teeth, (II) mesio-occluso-distal (MOD) preparation followed by restoration with Filtek P60 composite, and (III) deep MOD preparation and cusp reduction, followed by reinforcement with Interlig fiber ribbon, and subsequent restoration and cusp coverage with Filtek P60 composite. The teeth were stored in saline for one week. Next, their fracture resistance was measured by a universal testing machine. The load at fracture was recorded in Newtons (N). One-way ANOVA followed by the Tamhane post-hoc test was used to compare the groups (alpha=0.05).    Results: Fracture resistance of enamel in both experimental groups was significantly reduced compared to intact teeth (P<0.05). Fracture resistance of enamel in FRC restorations was significantly higher compared to the conventional composite restorations (P<0.05). Conclusion: FRC restorations significantly increased the fracture resistance of unsupported enamel compared to the conventional composite restorations under in vitro settings.},  
Keywords = {Composite Resins, Dental Enamel, Dental Materials, Tooth Fractures},
volume = {10},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {184-191}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61882/jrdms.10.3.184},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-783-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-783-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Gottumukkala, Sruthima and chittabathina, Poornima and SPenmetsa, Gautami and SatyanarayanaRaju, M and Ramesh, KSV and Kumar, Mohan and Kumar, Anil and Krishna, Murali},  
title = {Correlation between 3-Dimensional Volumetric Digital Analysis and Direct Technique for Periodontal Phenotype Assessment}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Several methods have been used to evaluate gingival thickness (GT); the most often used is the direct technique (DT), which is invasive. Thus, it is necessary to find a novel, reliable, and non-invasive approach for this purpose. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of assessment of periodontal phenotype using 3-dimensional digital analysis (digital technique) in comparison with the DT.    Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 30 periodontally healthy participants between 20 and 25 years. One calibrated examiner performed all the measurements. GT and bone thickness (BT) were evaluated at 2 mm (GT2, BT2) and 4 mm (GT4, BT4) apical to the alveolar bone crest around 6 teeth i.e., one molar, one premolar and one incisor in each arch. In the DT, transgingival probing was performed using an endodontic file and a digital vernier caliper. In the digital technique, the DICOM data of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and stereolithography (STL) data were superimposed to perform a digital analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Student's t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (alpha=0.05).    Results: Tooth-wise comparison of GT2, GT4, BT2, and BT4 measurements between the DT and digital technique groups showed very high correlation (r=0.86) for all the included teeth. The GT and BT measurements also showed very high correlation (r>0.8) between the two techniques. Conclusion: The results showed that digital measurement with STL-DICOM file superimposition was a reliable and reproducible technique comparable to the DT with an endodontic file.  },  
Keywords = {Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Gingiva, Maxilla, Stereolithography},
volume = {10},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {192-202}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61882/jrdms.10.3.192},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-693-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-693-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {HajianBerenjestanaki, Marzieh and Azizi, Arash and Bazarnoei, Sahel and Lawaf, Shiri},  
title = {Effects of GLUMA Desensitizer and 810 nm Low-Level Diode Laser on Retention of Porcelain-Fused-to-Metal Frameworks Cemented with a Self-Adhesive Resin Cement}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Dentinal tubules are exposed to the oral environment during preparation of vital teeth for crown restorations, and patients show signs of tooth hypersensitivity. Some treatments have been suggested for dentin hypersensitivity after tooth preparation, such as diode laser (810 nm) irradiation and GLUMA desensitizer. This study aimed to assess the effects of 810 nm diode laser and GLUMA desensitizer on retention of porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) frameworks cemented with a self-adhesive resin cement.    Materials and Methods: This in vitro study evaluated 30 intact maxillary first premolars. After tooth preparation with a 0.5 to 0.7 mm finish line above the cementoenamel junction, full metal crowns were cast with a 5 mm diameter ring on their occlusal surface. The specimens were then divided into 3 groups (n=10) of control, 810 nm diode laser, and GLUMA desensitizer. The frameworks were cemented with RelyX U200 self-adhesive resin cement, and their retention was measured by a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test (alpha=0.05).    Results: There was no significant difference in retention between 810 nm diode laser (134.96±37.50 N) and the control (138.17±40.81 N) group (P=0.986). However, framework retention in GLUMA desensitizer group (318.59±56.31 N) was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: In this in vitro study, GLUMA desensitizer had a significant positive effect while 810 nm diode laser irradiation did no not have any significant effect on retention of PFM frameworks cemented by RelyX U200 self-adhesive resin cement.  },  
Keywords = {Dental Prosthesis Retention, GLUMA Desensitizer, Lasers, Semiconductor, Resin Cements},
volume = {10},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {203-209}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61882/jrdms.10.3.203},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1082-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1082-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Esfahanizadeh, Gholamreza and Younesi, Farzan and Hosseinikordkheili, Mohammadreza and Akbari, Hosei},  
title = {Comparison of Water Sorption of Three Provisional Crown and Bridge Materials: An In Vitro Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Water sorption of provisional crown materials decreases their mechanical properties and longevity, depending on the material type. This study aimed to compare the water sorption of three provisional crown materials in vitro.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 14 disc-shaped specimens measuring 1 x 15 mm were fabricated from Telio CAD polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) block (Ivoclar Vivadent), self-cure PMMA acrylic resin (Tempron GC), and ProviTemp K acrylic-based composite resin (Provi Temp K). The specimens were randomly coded and their weight (with 0.0001 g accuracy) and volume (with 0.001 mm accuracy) were measured. The water sorption of the specimens was calculated after 7 and 30 days. One-way ANOVA was applied for data analysis (α=0.05).    Results: On day 7, the highest water sorption was noted in Bisco acrylic-based composite resin (mean: 22.84±5.04 µg/mm3) and the lowest water sorption was recorded in PMMA CAD-CAM block (mean: 14.22±3.23 µg/mm3) (P=0.023). At 30 days, the highest water sorption was recorded in Tempron GC self-cure acrylic resin (mean: 48.53±18.44 µg/mm3) and the lowest water sorption was noted in PMMA CAD-CAM block (mean: 40.24±5.33 µg/mm3) (P=0.002). Conclusion: The water sorption of Bisco acrylic-based composite resin and Tempron GC self-cure acrylic resin was very high in the short-term. However, after 30 days, the water sorption of Bisco acrylic-based composite resin and PMMA CAD-CAM block was the same.  It appears that all three tested materials can provide acceptable clinical performance for the fabrication of provisional restorations.  },  
Keywords = {Acrylic Resins, Composite Resins, Dental Restoration, Temporary},
volume = {10},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {210-217}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61882/jrdms.10.3.210},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-724-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-724-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Rohaninasab, Marzieh and HashemiKamangar, Sedigheh Sadat and Govahi, Zahra and Nobakht, Atoos},  
title = {Effects of Bleaching on Surface Roughness and Color of Two Types of Composite Resins Subjected to Two Surface Polishing Methods}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of bleaching on surface roughness and color of two types of composite resins namely Gradia (hybrid microfilled) and Omnichroma (super-nano filled), subjected to two polishing methods.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 100 composite specimens (50 Gradia and 50 Omnichroma) were fabricated and divided into two groups for polishing with disc and bur systems. The baseline surface roughness and color parameters (L*, a*, b*) were recorded. The specimens were immersed in a tea solution for 24 days to simulate staining, followed by in-office bleaching with 38% hydrogen peroxide. Surface roughness and color parameters were re-measured post-bleaching. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated-measures ANOVA to assess the effects of bleaching, polishing method, and composite type (alpha=0.05).    Results: The interaction effect of polishing method and composite type on surface roughness was not statistically significant (P>0.05). A significant change was observed in ΔL after polishing compared with the baseline (P = 0.018), indicating an increase in lightness for Omnichroma. For Δa, Gradia composite polished with disc exhibited significant redness after immersion in tea (P=0.022), while Δb results showed that Gradia had a significant shift to yellowness across all stages (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that the surface roughness of both Gradia and Omnichroma composite resins increased after bleaching. Gradia exhibited more pronounced ΔE, particularly turning redder after immersion in tea, whereas Omnichroma displayed better color stability. These findings suggest that material selection and polishing methods are critical in maintaining esthetic outcomes in bleached composite restorations.},  
Keywords = {Color, Composite Resins, Tooth Bleaching, Dental Polishing, Surface Properties},
volume = {10},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {218-227}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61882/jrdms.10.3.218},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-773-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-773-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Yarmoradian, Sina and RanjbarOmrani, Ladan and Ahmadi, Elham and Rafeie, Niyousha and Abbasi, Mahdi and DabiriShahabi, Nastar},  
title = {Repair Bond Strength of Aged Composite: Effect of Thermocycling and Surface Treatment}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: A variety of surface preparation techniques have been applied to increase the repair bond strength of composite restorations. The current study aimed to assess how silane and/or plasma application, bur roughening, sandblasting, and thermocycling would affect the microshear bond strength (µSBS) of composite repair employing a universal adhesive.    Materials and Methods: The current in vitro study utilized 128 composite specimens (10 x 10 x 10 mm) that were stored in 37°C water for 4 weeks and then randomly divided into two groups (n = 64) for surface treatment by sandblasting or bur roughening. Then, each group was divided into four subgroups (n=16) and received surface treatments as follows: No plasma or silane, plasma application, silane application, plasma and silane application. The new composite was then bonded to each specimen using G-Premio Bond. Half of each subgroup (n=8) underwent 5000 thermal cycles, while the other half was stored in water for 24 hours. Finally, the repair µSBS was measured. Four-way ANOVA was used for data analysis (alpha=0.05).    Results: Thermocycling significantly decreased the µSBS (P=0.000). Significantly greater µSBS (13.35±3.82 N; P=0.014) was achieved when physical methods were used alone without plasma or silane. Silane reduced the repair µSBS following sandblasting, but significantly increased the repair µSBS after bur roughening. Plasma treatment did not have a significant effect on µSBS (P>0.05). Conclusion: Sandblasting greatly enhanced the repair µSBS. The repair µSBS of the roughened composite samples was unaffected by plasma treatment. The type of physical treatment determines how well silane improves the repair µSBS.},  
Keywords = {Composite Resins, Dental Restoration Repair, Shear Strength, Silanes},
volume = {10},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {228-237}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61882/jrdms.10.3.228},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-780-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-780-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Seraj, Fahim and Tavassoli-Hojjati, Sar},  
title = {In Vitro Effects of Various Agents on Discoloration of Demineralized Enamel Caused by                                                        Silver Diamine Fluoride}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is effective for arresting dental caries. However, its application results in dark tooth discoloration, raising concerns among pediatric patients and their parents. This study assessed the effects of potassium iodide (KI) plus hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), H2O2, and Tooth Stain Remover (TSR) on SDF-induced discoloration of artificially demineralized permanent enamel.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, the buccal surface enamel of 33 sound premolars was artificially demineralized and exposed to 38% SDF. The specimens were then randomly assigned to 3 groups of (I) KI + H2O2 (application of water-soluble KI followed by 35% H2O2 on the discolored surface for 3 minutes), (II) H2O2 (application of 35% H2O2 for three 20-minute cycles), and (III) TSR (application of TSR for 3 minutes on the discolored surface). The color parameters were measured at baseline, 1 week after the application of SDF, and 1 week after the application of the abovementioned bleaching agents by a spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (alpha=0.05).    Results: SDF caused significant color change (ΔE) of demineralized enamel in all groups (ΔE=36-40), with no significant difference among the study groups (P=0.361). Application of all bleaching agents significantly resolved the dark discoloration in all groups, but KI + H2O2 was significantly more effective than H2O2 and TSR (P<0.001). TSR was the least effective (P<0.001). Conclusion: Within the study limitations, the results showed optimal efficacy of KI + H2O2 for correction of 38% SDF-induced discoloration in artificially demineralized permanent enamel.},  
Keywords = {Dental Caries, Hydrogen Peroxide, Potassium Iodide, Silver Diamine Fluoride, Spectrophotometry},
volume = {10},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {238-247}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61882/jrdms.10.3.238},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-750-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-750-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Valian, Azam and Madani, Tahoura and KheirkhahDabbagh, Ne},  
title = {A Comparative Analysis of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomers and Composite Resins for Restoration of Non-Carious Cervical Lesions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: The objective of this review was to assess the clinical efficacy of resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGIs) and composite resins for management of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs).    Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted using the Cochrane Oral Health Group Trials Register, MEDLINE via Ovid, EMBASE via Ovid, and PubMed Health, with no restrictions on language up to 2021. The review included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months, comparing RMGI restorations to composite resin restorations in adult populations with NCCLs. The primary outcomes assessed were retention rate, marginal integrity, and marginal discoloration. The search results were rigorously screened, and relevant trial data were extracted. Additionally, the risk of bias for the included studies was evaluated. The results were presented as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and a meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5 (RevMan 5).    Results: Of 978 retrieved references, 12 trials (15 articles) were included in this systematic review. Nine trials were split-mouth studies involving 414 RMGI restorations and 454 composite restorations. The remaining three trials were parallel group studies involving 83 RMGI restorations and 131 composite restorations. The meta-analysis showed that RMGI restorations had a significantly lower failure rate (RR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.23 to 0.52) than composite restorations. However, no significant difference was found between the two materials for marginal integrity and marginal discoloration (P>0.05). Conclusion: RMGI restorations exhibited superior clinical performance regarding the retention rate for NCCLs.},  
Keywords = {Composite Resins, Dental Restoration, Temporary, Glass Ionomer Cements, Evidence-Based Medicine},
volume = {10},
Number = {3}, 
pages = {248-261}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.61882/jrdms.10.3.248},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-701-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-701-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {JaberiAnsari, Zahra and Valian, Azam and Maghsoudlounejad, Mahs},  
title = {Effect of Different Repair Protocols on Repair Bond Strength of Aged Composite Restorations}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study assessed the effects of composite type, adhesive type, adhesive application protocol, and storage time on repair microshear bond strength (µSBS) of composite restorations.    Materials and Methods: This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on Z350 and Point 4 (n=360) composite discs that were stored in water for 3 weeks at 37°C. After roughening by bur and etching, the specimens were divided into 24 groups (n=15) based on the type of composite (Z350 and Point 4), type of universal adhesive (G-Premio Bond and Clearfil Universal Bond Quick), adhesive application protocol (according to the manufacturer’s instructions, waiting for 30 seconds, or diode laser irradiation of adhesive prior to polymerization for 30 seconds), and storage time (24 hours or 1 year). The specimens were bonded to Z250 repair composite, and underwent µSBS test. The mode of failure was also determined. Data were analyzed by four-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (alpha=0.05).    Results: Four-way ANOVA showed significant effects of adhesive application protocol (P=0.000) and storage time (P=0.000) on µSBS. The interaction effect of the two on µSBS was also significant (P=0.046). The µSBS after 24 hours was higher than that after 1 year irrespective of the adhesive application protocol. The µSBS was maximum in the laser group followed by waiting for 30 seconds, and all pairwise comparisons were significant in this respect (P=0.000). Conclusion: In aged composite restoration repair, diode laser irradiation of adhesive prior to polymerization or waiting for 30 seconds prior to adhesive curing can enhance the µSBS.  },  
Keywords = {Composite Resins, Dental Restoration Repair, Shear Strength},
volume = {10},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {262-273}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.10.4.262},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-745-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-745-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Bagheri, Parisa and Bolhari, Behnam and Meraji, Naghme and Kharazifard, Mohammad Javad and Morsali, Seyed Ali and Aryanezhad, Seyed Sas},  
title = {In Vitro Quantification of Residual Calcium Hydroxide Mixed with Different Carriers After Root Canal Irrigation with Three Different Techniques}, 
abstract ={Abstract Background and Aim: This study quantified the amount of residual calcium hydroxide (CH) mixed with saline, propylene glycol (PG), nano-silver (NS), and 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) carriers after root canal irrigation with the conventional needle (CN), safe-end needle (SEN), and ultrasonic irrigation (UI).    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, the root canals of 190 single-rooted premolars were instrumented with Mtwo, and longitudinally sectioned in half. After smear layer removal, the root canals were filled with CH mixed with either saline, PG, 0.2% CHX, or NS. CH was removed with CN irrigation, SEN irrigation, or UI. The residual CH was quantified in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds using a stereomicroscope. The penetration depth of CH into dentinal tubules was measured under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were analyzed using three-way and one-way ANOVA, and Tukey’s test (alpha=0.05).    Results: The effects of carrier type (P=0.0001), irrigation technique (P=0.0001), and distance from the apex (P=0.0001) were significant on the residual CH percentage. The efficacy of UI was slightly superior to other techniques in saline and CHX groups in the coronal third, and the NS group in the middle third. The irrigation technique had a significant effect on residual CH in the coronal and middle thirds, and no significant effect on the penetration depth of CH. The penetration depth of CH was not significantly different among different carrier groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: The efficacy of UI in removal of CH was variable, depending on the carrier type and distance from the apex.  },  
Keywords = {Calcium Hydroxide, Needles, Root Canal Therapy, Therapeutic Irrigation, Ultrasonics},
volume = {10},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {274-284}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.10.4.274},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-812-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-812-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {AarasoorCunniah, Lakshmi Rathan and Nadarajan, Suryakala and Narayanan, Vivek and Narayansamy, Damodharan and Manjari, C V Swapna and Kolanji, Bakyalakshmi},  
title = {In Vitro Comparison of Morphological and Mechanical Properties, and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silk Sutures Coated with Curcumin and Honey Extract}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Surgical sutures are necessary to achieve hemostasis at the surgical site and promote healing. Currently, antibiotic-coated sutures are used to inhibit bacterial adhesion and proliferation. However, they can lead to bacterial resistance. To overcome this issue, herbal-coated suture materials are employed. This study aimed to assess the morphological and mechanical properties and antimicrobial efficacy of plain silk sutures with suture material coated with curcumin and honey.    Materials and Methods: This in vitro study included three groups (n=3). Group A consisted of plain silk sutures, group B consisted of silk sutures coated with curcumin, and group C consisted of silk sutures coated with honey extract. Morphological assessment was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Tensile strength was measured using straight-pull and knot-pull tests on a tensile tester, and antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated using antimicrobial culture tests for the three groups. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 22.0.    Results: The morphology of coated sutures was validated by SEM images and EDS analysis. The tensile strength was not significantly different among the three groups, as assessed by the straight pull test (P=0.494) and knot pull test (P=0.707). Group A demonstrated no antibacterial activity. Group B demonstrated increased resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) (P=0.034), while Group C showed resistance to Escherichia coli (E. coli) (P=0.037). Conclusion: The results showed that honey-coated sutures were highly resilient and had excellent antimicrobial properties. Curcumin-coated sutures expressed less resilience with better antimicrobial properties.  },  
Keywords = {Anti-Infective Agents, Plant Extracts, Infection Control, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Wound Healing},
volume = {10},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {285-291}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.10.4.285},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-827-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-827-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Chakraborty, Poulami and Gurumoorthy, Kaarthikeyan and Suresh, Nidhit},  
title = {Preparation and Characterization of Europium-Doped Bioglass for Bone Regeneration: An In Vitro Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Europium (Eu) is the most reactive and volatile rare-earth element. This study aimed to develop Eu-doped bioglass for applications in bone regeneration.    Materials and Methods: To synthesize Eu-doped bioglass, 1.3 g of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide was dissolved in 40 mL of ethanol to form a homogeneous surfactant solution. Europium nitrate, tetraethyl orthosilicate, calcium nitrate, and orthophosphoric acid were then sequentially added under continuous stirring. The mixture was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature to allow complete reaction and precursor integration. Next, 50 mL of acetone was added to induce precipitation, followed by centrifugation at 12,000 rpm for 6 minutes. The supernatant was discarded, and the collected precipitate was sintered to obtain the final bioglass. The fabricated Eu-doped bioglass was subsequently characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), attenuated total reflectance–infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR), and antimicrobial analysis to evaluate its morphological, structural, and biological properties.    Results: The ATR-IR spectra revealed typical silicate bands, and SEM images displayed a hollow-shaped structure. The superior crystallinity of Eu contributed to the bioglass network’s enhanced mechanical properties. Antimicrobial evaluation revealed a notable reduction in the number of colonies for both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Conclusion: The synthesized Eu-doped bioglass exhibited notable antimicrobial activity and favorable characteristics for bone tissue engineering. Incorporation of Eu ions into the bioglass matrix enhanced biological performance, suggesting its potential applicability in bone regeneration. These findings indicate that Eu-doped bioglass could serve as a promising material for biomedical applications, particularly for promoting bone healing.  },  
Keywords = {Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bioglass, Bone Regeneration, Europium, Materials Science, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning},
volume = {10},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {292-298}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.10.4.292},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-970-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-970-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Jadidi, Hanieh and Azizi, Arash and SafarzadehKhosroshahi, Shadab and Ramezani, Gholamhossei},  
title = {Effect of Cold Plasma on Dentin Microshear Bond Strength of Primary Anterior Teeth}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Effective composite bonding to primary teeth is crucial. Cold plasma treatment could enhance this bonding. This study investigated the effect of cold atmospheric plasma on dentin microshear bond strength (µSBS) of primary anterior teeth.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 84 eligible primary anterior teeth were randomly assigned to six groups: (I) Adper Single Bond 2 fifth-generation bonding agent, (II) fifth-generation bonding agent + 15-second plasma treatment, (III) fifth-generation bonding agent + 30-second plasma treatment, (IV) Single Bond Universal adhesive, (V) universal adhesive + 15-second plasma treatment, and (VI) universal adhesive + 30-second plasma treatment. The µSBS test was then performed. Fracture mode was determined under a stereomicroscope. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and stereomicroscopic assessments were also performed. Data were analyzed by one-way and two-way ANOVA, and Tukey and t tests.    Results: The universal adhesive group had a significantly higher µSBS (39 MPa) than the fifth-generation bonding group (13.5 MPa). A significant difference existed between the no plasma and 30-second plasma treatment groups (P=0.001). In the universal groups, significant differences were noted between no plasma and both 15-second and 30-second treatments (P<0.05). Universal adhesive outperformed the fifth-generation bonding agent in the no plasma and 15-second treatment groups (P=0.007). Adhesive failures predominated in all groups, and SEM analysis showed distinct differences in dentinal tubules among the bonding systems. Conclusion: It is recommended to use Single Bond Universal adhesive without plasma, and consider plasma treatment to enhance bonding in Adper Single Bond 2 fifth-generation system.  },  
Keywords = {Dental Bonding, Dentin-Bonding Agents, Plasma Gases, Therapeutic Use, Tooth, Deciduous},
volume = {10},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {299-309}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.10.4.299},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-814-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-814-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Esmaeilzadeh, Mohammad and Eghbali, Ahmad and Ansari, Ghassem and FallahinejadGhajari, Masoud and Soleymani, Ali and Yavarifar, Jina and Eftekhar, Leil},  
title = {Efficacy of Intravenous Propofol-Fentanyl versus Ketamine-Midazolam Combinations for Procedural Sedation of Uncooperative 2-6 Year-Old Pediatric Dental Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous propofol-fentanyl versus ketamine-midazolam combinations for sedation of 2-6-year-old uncooperative dental patients.    Materials and Methods: This triple-blind crossover randomized clinical trial included 24 (13 boys and 11 girls) healthy (ASA I) uncooperative (Frankl I) 2-6-year-old (mean age: 3.7±1.1 years) children who were randomly divided into two groups. The first group (AB) received intravenous propofol (2 mg/kg) in addition to fentanyl (1 µg/kg) in the first session and ketamine (2 mg/kg) along with midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) in the second session. The second group (BA) received the two drug combinations in a reverse order to allow testing the potential sequence effect. Oral midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) was administered as premedication. Changes in hemodynamic indices and reactions to dental stimulations were recorded using the monitoring device and Houpt scale, respectively. Data were analyzed using the Pearson Chi-Square test, independent t-test, and Mann-Whitney U test (alpha=0.05).    Results: There were no significant differences in hemodynamic indices, namely the SpO2 (P=0.179) and heart rate (HR) (P=0.062), and overall behavior (P=0.378) of the two groups during the treatment phases, including catheter insertion, local anesthetic injection, and at 15 and 30 minutes following the onset of dental treatment. However, the recovery time was significantly longer in the ketamine-midazolam than the propofol-fentanyl group (P=0.00). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the use of propofol-fentanyl combination for behavioral control of uncooperative children provided better sedation quality and scores, and lower hemodynamic changes compared to ketamine-midazolam, although this difference was not statistically significant.  },  
Keywords = {Fentanyl, Administration, Intravenous, Ketamine, Pediatric Dentistry, Propofol},
volume = {10},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {310-320}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.10.4.310},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-738-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-738-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Gavarraju, Deepthi Nirmal and Chalasani, Jahnavi and A.J, Sai Sankar and Prathigudupu, Raja Satish and Ramayanapu, Dhanush},  
title = {In Vitro Efficacy of Potassium Iodide and Glutathione in Masking Silver Diamine Fluoride-Induced Staining in Primary Molars}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is an effective cariostatic agent used in minimally invasive dentistry. However, one major drawback of SDF is dark staining after its application, limiting its clinical use. This study quantified the color change associated with the application of SDF on extracted carious primary molars, the potential masking effects of potassium iodide (KI) and glutathione, and the effect of aging on their masking effect.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, 45 extracted primary carious molars with International Caries Detection Assessment System scores 5 and 6 were collected, cleaned of debris, and stored in distilled water until use. Previously restored teeth and those with pulpal involvement were excluded. The selected teeth were randomly categorized into 3 groups (n=15) for the application of SDF (group 1), SDF+ KI (group 2), and SDF+ glutathione (group 3). Test materials were applied, and images were captured immediately and on day 14. The mean gray values were calculated using Image J software and tabulated. Statistical analysis was done using paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey’s test (alpha=0.05).    Results: KI and glutathione were able to mask the staining of SDF compared to SDF alone. SDF+ KI showed the least staining compared to other groups after a 14-day period, which was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Within the study limitations, KI can be considered as a potential masking agent that can overcome the black staining caused by SDF, which is the main barrier to parental acceptance of SDF treatment.  },  
Keywords = {Dental Caries, Glutathione, Potassium Iodide, Tooth, Deciduous, Silver Compounds},
volume = {10},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {321-329}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.10.4.321},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-801-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-801-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Yahyapour, Kosar and Mollaei, Melika and Alimohammadi, Mona and Yaghoubirad, Sara and Hadian, Hoora and Hosseinnataj, Abolfazl and Gholampour, Atefeh},  
title = {Accuracy of Alveolar Bone Height and Thickness Measurements with Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Presence of Stainless-Steel Crowns}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a valuable imaging modality suitable for analyzing the hard tissue of the maxillofacial region. However, the artifacts caused by some dental treatments may reduce the image quality and lead to misinterpretations.  The present study aimed to assess the accuracy of CBCT measurements in the presence of stainless-steel crowns (SSCs).    Materials and Methods: This in vitro experimental study was conducted on 4 sheep hemi-mandibles. First, gutta-percha points were placed on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the alveolar ridge, and bone height and thickness were measured with a digital caliper (direct measurement). Then, three CBCT scans were obtained as follows: The first scan was performed without placing the SSCs, as the baseline image; the second scan was performed after placement of one SSC, and the third scan was performed in presence of 3 SSCs. Red wax was used for soft tissue simulation. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 (alpha=0.05).    Results: The findings revealed no significant difference between the direct measurement and the baseline image in terms of measuring the bone height and thickness (P>0.05). The difference between the baseline and scan image measurements in presence of one SSC was not significant (P>0.05). Furthermore, the accuracy of CBCT images did not decrease after the placement of 3 SSCs. Conclusion: The Presence of SSCs did not decrease the accuracy of linear measurement of alveolar bone height and thickness. Moreover, increasing the number of SSCs did not significantly affect the accuracy of measurements.  },  
Keywords = {Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Anatomic Landmarks, Artifacts, Alveolar Process},
volume = {10},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {330-337}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.10.4.330},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-934-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-934-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Barzegar, Mohsen and Bemani, Alireza and Shadmehr, Pegah and Pouyafard, Adele},  
title = {Serum Concentrations of Calcium and 25-Hydroxy-vitamin D, and Calcium Intake in Iranian Patients with Self-Reported Sleep Bruxism: A Case-Control Study}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Recent evidence suggests a link between sleep bruxism and vitamin D deficiency. This study aimed to investigate the serum concentrations of calcium and 25-dihydroxyvitamin D, as well as calcium intake in patients with self-reported sleep bruxism versus healthy controls.    Materials and Methods: This case-control study evaluated 32 participants between 18 and 44 years old in each of the case and control groups, who were selected among patients referring to Yazd Dental School. The severity of bruxism was assessed using a questionnaire related to the classification of bruxism, and clinical examinations were performed to assess abnormal tooth wear. The daily calcium intake was estimated based on the frequency and amount of consumption of milk, yogurt, and cheese. The serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D was measured using the relevant kit, and the serum calcium level was measured by spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test, Independent sample t-test, Fisher’s exact test, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient (alpha=0.05).    Results: The mean daily calcium intake in the case group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.001). However, the mean serum calcium levels did not differ significantly between the case and control groups (P>0.05). The mean serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the case group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion: According to the present results, the mean serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in bruxers was significantly lower than that in healthy controls. Bruxism was significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency in our study population.    },  
Keywords = {Bruxism, Calcium, Serum, Vitamin D},
volume = {10},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {338-345}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.10.4.338},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-923-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-923-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Sharifzadeh, Seyedeh saba and Mardani, Mohesen and Motazedian, Jamaledin and Jamalpour, Mahdi and ShirvaniFarsani, Fatemeh and Entezar-e-Ghaem, Mahjoubeh and Ghadimi, Niloofar},  
title = {An Exceptionally Rare Case of Craniofacial Teratoma in A 2-Day-Old Infant: A Case Report}, 
abstract ={Background and Aim: Craniofacial teratomas are exceedingly rare congenital tumors, typically presenting at birth with variable degrees of facial distortion and airway compromise.    Case Presentation: We report a rare case of a 2-day-old female neonate with a massive craniofacial teratoma affecting her left facial region, accompanied by a cleft palate and feeding difficulties. Computed tomography (CT) imaging revealed a large heterogeneous mass with destructive extension into the orbit, maxilla, mandible, and anterior and middle cranial fossae. Complete surgical excision was achieved via the Weber-Ferguson approach, and histopathological evaluation confirmed a mature teratoma.    Conclusion: This case report highlights the importance of early imaging and prompt surgical intervention in managing large craniofacial teratomas. Despite the rarity of such cases, multidisciplinary planning is essential to achieve optimal functional and cosmetic outcomes.  },  
Keywords = {Congenital, Craniofacial Abnormalities, Surgery, Teratoma},
volume = {10},
Number = {4}, 
pages = {346-352}, 
publisher = {Islamic Azad University Dental Branch },

doi = {10.66224/jrdms.10.4.346},
url = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1115-en.html},  
eprint = {http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1115-en.pdf},  
journal = {Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences},  
issn = {2588-4166}, 
eissn = {2383-2754}, 
year = {2025}  
}