eng Islamic Azad University Dental Branch Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences 2588-4166 2383-2754 2026-06 11 2 97 106 article Fatemeh Razian fatemeh.r746@gmail.com 1 Fatemeh Daryaei fatemeh.daryaei7@gmail.com 2 Elham Mahmoudi dr.elhammahmoodi@yahoo.com 3 Ehsan Moudi moudi@mubabol.ac.ir 4 Akam Saeidi akam_ir@yahoo.com 5 Hemmat Gholinia h_gholinia@yahoo.com 6 Zahra Sadat Madani madani_z@yahoo.com 7 Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Dental Materials Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Oral Health and Hygiene Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Dental Materials Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran Dental Materials Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. Background and Aim: Previous studies have reported inconsistent findings on the effectiveness of endodontic retreatment rotary files for removal of residual filling materials. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of ProTaper, M3, and Edge Endo rotary retreatment systems for removal of root canal filling materials using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).    Materials and Methods: This ex vivo experimental study involved mesiobuccal and mesiolingual canals of mandibular molars, and mesiobuccal canals of maxillary molars (n=60) with ≤20-degree curvature. Canals were instrumented with ProTaper files with the crown-down technique, and obturated with gutta-percha and AH26 sealer via cold lateral compaction technique. Specimens were randomly assigned to three groups (n=20) of ProTaper, M3, or Edge Endo. CBCT imaging and AutoCAD software were used to quantify residual filling material in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds, and along the full canal length. Procedural errors, including file fracture, were recorded. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and Chi-square tests, with a significance level of 0.05.    Results: A statistically significant difference was observed in the apical third (P=0.02), with ProTaper retaining the most (47.11%±24.59%), and M3 the least (28.47%±28.07%) filling material. No significant differences were found in the coronal (P=0.282) and middle thirds (P=0.824). File fracture occurred in 12% of the cases, with no significant difference among the groups (P=0.809). Conclusion: Based on the results, while residual filling material remained in all canals, the M3 rotary retreatment files demonstrated superior efficiency in cleaning the apical third.   http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-924-en.pdf Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Gutta-Percha Molar Root Canal Obturation Root Canal Therapy eng Islamic Azad University Dental Branch Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences 2588-4166 2383-2754 2026-06 11 2 107 113 article Sayeh Abbasnejad Sayeh.abbasnejad@gmail.com 1 Faezeh Abbasi 2 Solmaz Araghi 3 Sohrab Tour Savadkouhi 4 Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Background and Aim: This study compared the marginal adaptation of GuttaFlow 2, GuttaFlow Bioseal, and AH Plus in the apical third of human single-canal teeth obturated by the single-cone technique.    Materials and Methods: This in vitro study evaluated 51 eligible extracted single-canal maxillary incisors. The teeth underwent biomechanical preparation with BioRaCe rotary system to #40/4%, and were then randomly divided into 3 experimental groups (n=17) of GuttaFlow 2, GuttaFlow Bioseal, and AH Plus. The canals were rinsed with 17% EDTA for 1 minute, 5.25% NaOCl for 30 seconds, and 2 mL of distilled water for smear layer removal, and were obturated with the single-cone obturation technique. The roots were then transversely sectioned at 3 and 6 mm from the apex, and the gap at the root filling material-canal wall interface was measured under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (alpha=0.05).    Results: At 3 mm distance from the apex, the mean gap size in the GuttaFlow Bioseal group (12.65±4.919 µm) was significantly larger than that in GuttaFlow (7.7±2.969 µm) and AH Plus (6.89±4.58 µm) groups (P<0.05), but no significant difference was detected at 6 mm from the apex among the three groups (P=0.121). Conclusion: Under the limitations of this in vitro study, the results indicated that GuttaFlow Bioseal had poorer marginal adaptation than AH Plus and GuttaFlow at 3 mm from the apex; however, marginal adaptation of sealers was not significantly different at 6 mm from the apex.   http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1348-en.pdf Dental Marginal Adaptation Epoxy Resin-Based Root Canal Sealer GuttaFlow Root Canal Therapy eng Islamic Azad University Dental Branch Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences 2588-4166 2383-2754 2026-06 11 2 114 125 article Soheil Niavarzi soheil.niavarzi@gmail.com 1 Farideh Geramipanah geramipa@tums.ac.ir 2 Leila Sedighpour Lsedigh@yahoo.com 3 Mohammad Marvi Mohammadmarvi.68@gmail.com 4 Private Endodontist, Tehran, Iran Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Background and Aim: This study evaluated the effect of gap size between the intracanal post and gutta-percha on stress distribution in teeth with post-and-core restorations using finite element analysis (FEA).    Materials and Methods: In this FEA, eight 3D models of maxillary central incisors were created: four with fiber-reinforced composite posts (FRCPs) and four with nickel-chromium metal cast posts (MCPs). Also, 0 mm (no gap), 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm gaps were modeled. A 100-N oblique load (at 135 degrees relative to the longitudinal tooth axis) was applied, and the von Mises (VM), tensile, and compressive stress values were analyzed.    Results: For the FRCPs, the VM stress patterns in dentin remained consistent in presence of 0-2 mm gap, but a 3-mm gap increased stress by 35%-37%. The MCP models showed similar stress distribution patterns across different gap sizes, with a peak VM stress (13.11 MPa) localized at the buccal mid-root. The FRCPs demonstrated uniform stress distribution; whereas, the MCPs exhibited higher overall stress levels by 85%-89%. Conclusion: The results indicated that a 3-mm gap significantly elevated dentinal stress, increasing the fracture risk. The FRCPs with ≤ 2 mm gap had an optimal performance; whereas, the MCPs induced higher stress levels regardless of the gap size. Failure modes differed as well, such that the FRCPs were predisposed to cervical fractures, whereas the MCPs increased the risk of apical fractures. These findings highlight the importance of management of intracanal post-gutta-percha gap as a critical parameter in post-and-core restorations to mitigate biomechanical failure.   http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1506-en.pdf Dental Stress Analysis Post and Core Technique Root Canal Therapy eng Islamic Azad University Dental Branch Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences 2588-4166 2383-2754 2026-06 11 2 126 135 article Santosh R Patil drpsantosh@gmail.com 1 Shikhar Daniel shikhardaniel555@gmail.com 2 Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan drvishnupriyav@gmail.com 3 Nagarathna Padmashali Jayappa drsiddhy4u@gmail.com 4 Ravikanth Manyam ravikanth.m@vdc.edu.in 5 Krishna A Rao drkrish283@gmail.com 6 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Chhattisgarh, India Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Chhattisgarh Dental College and Research Institute, Chhattisgarh Department of Oral Pathology, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram Department of Oral Pathology JSS Dental College & Hospital, Mysuru Background and Aim: This study compared the serum and salivary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and healthy controls, and assessed their potential as biomarkers for OSMF diagnosis, and monitoring its progression.    Materials and Methods: This case-control study involved 50 OSMF patients and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Serum and salivary LDH levels were measured using standard laboratory techniques. Clinical staging of OSMF was performed based on the severity of symptoms, and the relationship between LDH levels and disease stage was analyzed using statistical methods. Descriptive and inferential statistics including t-test, ANOVA, and correlation coefficients based on data distribution were used to assess the association between LDH levels and OSMF clinical features (alpha=0.05).    Results: OSMF patients showed significantly higher serum LDH levels (225.4±58.2 U/L) than healthy controls (187.6±42.4 U/L; P=0.0004). They also showed significantly higher salivary LDH levels (180.3±53.1 U/L) compared to controls (148.2±37.9 U/L; P=0.0006). A strong positive correlation was found between serum LDH levels and clinical stage of OSMF (r=0.65, P<0.001), while a moderate inverse correlation was observed between salivary LDH levels and mouth opening (r=-0.48, P<0.001). Conclusion: Both serum and salivary LDH levels were significantly elevated in patients with OSMF compared to healthy controls. Salivary LDH, in particular, demonstrated a strong association with clinical severity and disease stage, supporting its potential as an effective, non-invasive biomarker for OSMF diagnosis, and monitoring its progression.   http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-969-en.pdf Biomarkers L-Lactate Dehydrogenase Oral Submucous Fibrosis Saliva eng Islamic Azad University Dental Branch Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences 2588-4166 2383-2754 2026-06 11 2 136 147 article Firman Fath Rachmadhan firman.fath.rachmadhan-2023@fk.unair.ac.id 1 David Buntoro Kamadjaja david-b-k@fkg.unair.ac.id 2 Reza Al Fessi reza.al.fessi@fkg.unair.ac.id 3 CClinical Medicine Magister Study Programme, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60132, Indonesia Background and Aim: Craniomaxillofacial bone defects are commonly reconstructed using bovine bone scaffolds, where stable growth factor release is critical for effective bone regeneration. This study investigated the release profile of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) from deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM), freeze-dried bovine bone (FDBB), and decellularized freeze-dried bovine bone (dc-FDBB) scaffolds following application of freeze-dried secretome.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro experimental study, scaffolds were first immersed in secretome and incubated at 4°C for 24 hours to facilitate absorption, followed by an optional freeze-drying step. After rehydration, the release kinetics of IGF and PDGF was measured at 1, 8, 24, and 48 hours using ELISA. Comparisons were made with one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey’s HSD test (alpha=0.05).    Results: FDBB scaffolds treated with freeze-dried secretome exhibited the highest and most sustained release of IGF over 48 hours compared to other groups (26.774±4.079 ng/mL; P<0.05); while PDGF release was generally lower in freeze-dried groups compared to controls (8.587±2.184 ng/mL; P=0.197). Conclusion: The results showed that freeze-drying influences the release profile of IGF and PDGF and its sustainability from secretome-loaded bovine bone scaffolds, with potential implications for optimizing scaffold bioactivity in bone tissue engineering applications.   http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1266-en.pdf Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Secretome Tissue Scaffolds eng Islamic Azad University Dental Branch Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences 2588-4166 2383-2754 2026-06 11 2 148 155 article Fahimeh Khodabandehlou fahime.khodabandelou@iau.ac.ir 1 Sara Zahedi Rad Sara.Zahedi@iautmu.ac.ir 2 Mandana Alamdari Mahd mandanaalamdari@iau.ac.ir 3 Dentist in private practice, Tehran, Iran Department of Pediatric Dentistry, TeMS.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Department of Pediatric Dentistry, TeMS.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Background and Aim: This study aimed to spectrophotometrically compare the color change (ΔE) of white spot lesions (WSLs) after the application of ICON and Cobalt resin infiltrants.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, WSLs were artificially induced in 20 extracted sound human premolars by their 7-day immersion in a demineralizing solution with a pH of 4.4. The specimens were randomly assigned to two groups (n=10) for resin infiltration treatment with ICON and Cobalt resin infiltrants. The color parameters of the specimens were measured before the intervention (T0), after demineralization (T1), immediately after treatment (T2), and 4 weeks after treatment (T3) spectrophotometrically by using the CIEL*a*b* system. ΔE values were calculated and analyzed by independent t-test (alpha=0.05).    Results: In comparison of ΔE2-0, the difference was not statistically significant between ICON and Cobalt (P=0.234). In comparison of ΔE2-1, ICON (ΔE=12.78) showed a significantly better coverage than Cobalt (ΔE=7.25) (P=0.004). In comparison of ΔE3-2, ICON (ΔE =4.79) showed higher color stability than Cobalt (ΔE=5.24), but the difference was not significant (P=0.667). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that both ICON and Cobalt effectively corrected the color of WSLs to match the color of sound enamel, although ICON showed a slightly superior performance. The two resin infiltrants also had a comparable color stability after 4 weeks.   http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1330-en.pdf Color Dental Caries Dentition Permanent Spectrophotometry eng Islamic Azad University Dental Branch Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences 2588-4166 2383-2754 2026-06 11 2 156 163 article Nastaran Farzandi nastaran.farzandi77@gmail.com 1 Ferial Farnia ferial.farnia@gmail.com 2 Saba Aghaei saba.aghaee@gmail.com 3 Keyvan Saati keivan.saati@gmail.com 4 Sara Tavassoli-Hojjati tavasolisara@yahoo.com 5 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Background and Aim: Discoloration of primary teeth caused by iron supplementation often discourages parents from using it for their children. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Sideral iron drops with a sucrosomial structure, Irofent iron drops, and Irofent diluted with natural apple juice on the color and structural integrity of primary tooth enamel.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 45 sound primary anterior teeth were randomly divided into three groups of 15 for treatment with Sideral, Irofent, and a mixture of Irofent and natural apple juice. A digital spectrophotometer measured the initial tooth color. Teeth were immersed in their respective iron solutions for 5 minutes at 37°C, rinsed with distilled water, and their final color was recorded. One sample from each group underwent scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess surface structural changes. Quantitative data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. P<0.05 was considered significant.    Results: Color change (∆E) was significantly greater in the Irofent group compared to Irofent–apple juice and Sideral groups (P<0.001). The Irofent–apple juice group showed significantly more discoloration than Sideral (P<0.001). SEM revealed enamel surface cracks in Irofent and Irofent–apple juice groups; whereas the Sideral group showed no defects. Conclusion: Sideral iron drops did not cause significant discoloration or structural damage to primary enamel in this in vitro study. Combining Irofent with natural apple juice may reduce its adverse effects.   http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1107-en.pdf Tooth Discoloration Dental Enamel Iron Tooth Deciduous Microscopy Electron eng Islamic Azad University Dental Branch Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences 2588-4166 2383-2754 2026-06 11 2 164 173 article Saeedeh Ebrahimgol s.ebrahimgol@iau.ir 1 Saeed Nemati Anaraki saeid.nemati@iau.ac.ir 2 Mahsa Ghanaat mahsa.ghanaat@iau.ir 3 Emad Ramouz emad.ramouz@iau.ir 4 Maryam Hoorizad ganjkar mahoorizad@yahoo.com 5 Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Background and Aim: Hemostatic agents may affect the hybrid layer quality. This study evaluated the effect of a hemostatic agent on microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and bonding durability in three adhesive systems.    Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 120 extracted human molars were randomly divided into two main groups (n=60) based on aging conditions: (I) 24-hour storage in distilled water and (II) thermocycling (10,000 cycles, 5°C-55°C). Each group was further subdivided into 6 subgroups (n=10) according to the use of Viscostat Clear and the adhesive system: Adper Single Bond, Clearfil SE Bond, and All-Bond Universal. Composite resin (Filtek Z250) was applied, and μTBS was measured with a testing machine. Failure modes were observed under an optical microscope, and resin-dentin interface was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed using three-way fixed-effects ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (α=0.05).    Results: The highest μTBS was found in the Adper Single Bond group without hemostatic agent after 24 hours of storage (17.37±5.43 MPa), and the lowest was in the All-Bond Universal group with hemostatic agent after thermocycling (5.44±1.21 MPa). At 24 hours, no significant difference existed between contaminated and uncontaminated groups (P>0.05). After thermocycling, Adper Single Bond showed a significant reduction in bond strength when exposed to Viscostat Clear (P=0.000). Adhesive failure predominated in all groups. Conclusion: The adhesive type and aging process significantly affected the μTBS. While Viscostat Clear did not significantly affect the 24-hour μTBS, it reduced bonding durability after thermocycling in Adper Single Bond group.   http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-1226-en.pdf Dental Bonding Tensile Strength Hemostatic