eng Islamic Azad University Dental Branch Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences 2588-4166 2383-2754 2018-10 3 4 1 9 article A Hassani 1 M Kakoienejad 2 P Bahmani p.bahmani77@yahoo.com 3 H Bahrani 4 Associate Professor,Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Head of Implant Research Center Dentist Member of Implant Research Center Dentist Background and Aim: Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a hereditary disease that affects ectodermal tissues. Its oral manifestations include hypodontia or oligodontia, which cause the reduction of the height and width of the alveolar ridge. Considering numerous difficulties that these patients encounter with regard to facial appearance, talking, and chewing, their rehabilitation has a major influence on their quality of life. Implantation therapy is considered as a successful therapeutic protocol for substitution of such teeth. This article is a review of implant rehabilitation of ED patients and the related management procedures. Materials and Methods: In the present review article, the English articles in PubMed, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases from January 2000 to December 2017 have been investigated using the following keywords: anodontia, dental implants, ectodermal dysplasia, and hypodontia.  Conclusion: There is a multilateral approach to the treatment of ED patients according to their age, the status of oral soft and hard tissues and the remaining teeth. Implantation therapy for such patients is similar to that of non-ED patients. http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-212-en.pdf Anodontia Dental Implants Ectodermal Dysplasia Hypodontia per Islamic Azad University Dental Branch Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences 2588-4166 2383-2754 2018-10 3 4 10 17 article K Salem 1 J Vejdani 2 S Espidkar 3 S Aghaei saba_aghaee@yahoo.com 4 Assistant professor,Pediatric Dentistry Dept, Faculty of Dentistry Dentist Dentist Assistant professor,Pediatric Dentistry Dept, Faculty of Dentistry Background and aim: The effect of different milk consumption patterns in infants on the formation of dental occlusion is one of the issues under discussion. Due to the lack of specific results in this regard, the purpose of this study was to determine the occlusion of deciduous teeth in breastfed and bottle-fed infants. Materials and methods: This is a descriptive-analytical study on 316 children aged 4-5 years old. This study was based on clinical examination and filling questionnaires. The examination was done at kindergartens and in sitting position using a dental mirror and with exposure to natural light. The occlusal relationship, overjet, overbite, and crossbite were examined through direct observation in the centric occlusion. The questionnaires were completed by the mothers. The basis of this study was the responses that mothers gave in the questionnaire based on the type and duration of breastfeeding or bottle-feeding. The collected data were statistically analyzed by Chi-square test. Significance was considered at the level of P<0.05. Results: The results of this study showed a significant relationship between nutrition with dry milk and increased overjet (P=0.048) and distal step occlusion (P=0.001). The duration of milk consumption showed no significant relationship with any of the studied variables. Conclusion: Malocclusion was more frequently observed in bottle-fed children. http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-217-en.pdf Dental Occlusion Deciduous Dentition Breastfeeding Bottle Feeding eng Islamic Azad University Dental Branch Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences 2588-4166 2383-2754 2018-10 3 4 18 25 article MR Karimi mrkarimip@hotmail.com 1 M Montazeri mosimont@gmail.com 2 M Harandi drmohammadharandi@gmail.com 3 L Aghazadeh Laleh_Aghazadeh@yahoo.com 4 L Aghazadeh Ladan_Aghazadeh@yahoo.com 5 Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Periodontist, Private Practice, Shiraz, Iran Periodontist, Private Practice, Tehran, Iran Dentist, Private Practice, Tehran, Iran Dentist, Private Practice, Tehran, Iran Background and aim: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been suggested as a novel technique for decontamination of exposed implant surfaces. We aimed to evaluate the effect of aPDT on sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) titanium discs contaminated with Eikenella corrodens (Ec) and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa). Materials and methods: In this in-vitro study, twenty-four sterile SLA titanium discs were contaminated with Ec (PTCC® 1391) and Aa )ATCC® 33384( and were randomly divided into the following groups: aPDT-treated group consisted of 12 discs submerged in 1 ml of toluidine blue and exposed to a low-level laser; negative control group comprised of 6 discs rinsed with physiological saline, and positive control group included 6 discs submerged in 2 ml of 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX). After serial dilution, each sample was cultivated in an anaerobic environment (24 hours for Ec and 48 hours for Aa). Microbial reduction rate was calculated through colony-forming unit (CFU) counting according to Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The number of colonies for both bacterial strains in the aPDT-treated group was significantly reduced compared to the negative control group, showing the bactericidal potential of aPDT with toluidine blue (P<0.0001). The 0.2% CHX group showed a significantly smaller amount of colonies (CFU=1.089×107 for Ec and 3×107 for Aa) compared to the aPDT-treated group (CFU=3.73±1.19×109 for Ec and 52±13.6×105 for Aa; P<0.00001). Conclusion: aPDT with toluidine blue significantly reduces Ec and Aa contamination of SLA titanium discs; however, 0.2% CHX showed the highest bactericidal potential and is still considered the gold standard in antimicrobial treatment of peri-implant diseases.   http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-219-en.pdf Decontamination Titanium Photodynamic Therapy Eikenella corrodens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans eng Islamic Azad University Dental Branch Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences 2588-4166 2383-2754 2018-10 3 4 26 32 article SH Jalalian shahariar.jalalian@yahoo.com 1 M Emami Arjomand mansoureh.emami@gmail.com 2 A Mahavi u_worth.living@yahoo.com 3 Assistant professor, Restorative Dept, faculty of Dentistry,Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Restorative Dept,faculty of Dentistry Dentist Background and aim: Efficient bonding techniques should be employed for strengthening tooth structure. Whether to preserve intact dental tissue or to sacrifice some undermined parts can still be challenging. We aimed to evaluate the fracture strength of cusp coverage with composite versus unsupported enamel reinforced with composite in posterior restorations. Materials and methods: In this in-vitro study, over-impressions were made from 36 sound human maxillary premolars using bleaching shields. The teeth were randomly divided into three groups (n=12): group 1) intact teeth, group 2) teeth with MOD cavities without cusp coverage, and group 3) teeth with MOD cavities and 1.5 mm of buccal and palatal cusp coverage. Wide MOD cavities were prepared such that only 1 mm of intact enamel was left unsupported at margins. The cavities were restored using light-cure glass ionomer and P60 composite using the over-impressions to achieve the normal tooth anatomy. The teeth were stored in water at 37°C for a week, and their fracture resistance was assessed using a universal testing machine. The load at fracture was recorded in Newton (N). Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: The mean±standard deviation (SD) of fracture load was 1834.62±104.04 N in group 1, 750.34±147.46 N in group 2, and 1211.30±210.85 N in group 3. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences between the groups (P=0.001). Likewise, Tukey’s test showed that the difference between the groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Using composite in restoring unsupported enamel must be combined with cusp coverage to increase fracture strength. http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-215-en.pdf Composite Resins Fracture Strengths Onlays per Islamic Azad University Dental Branch Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences 2588-4166 2383-2754 2018-10 3 4 33 37 article N Nadafpour Nima.na04@gmail.com 1 FB GHaedi 2 Z Verdipanah 3 Z Alizadeh tabari 4 Assistant professor, periodontics Dept, Faculty of Dentistry Periodontics Dentist Periodontics Background and Aim: The knowledge and performance of obstetrics and gynecology (OBG) specialists regarding the relationship between maternal periodontal disease and pregnancy complications are unclear, especially in Iran. Considering the key role of this group in evaluating pregnant women at risk, we aimed to determine the knowledge and performance of OBG specialists and residents regarding the effects of periodontal disease on pregnancy outcomes at therapeutic centers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: Questionnaires containing individual and exclusive questions were provided to OBG specialists and residents. Of the 92 questionnaires, 67 were returned, of which 58 were evaluable. Absolute and relative frequencies and the knowledge and performance scores of each group were determined and compared. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and Chi-square test. Results: 71% of OBG residents and 77.8% of OBG specialists were familiar with periodontal disease via scientific texts. The mean awareness score of OBG residents and specialists was respectively 69.13±15.35 and 83.7±16.7; the difference was significant. There was no significant correlation between the awareness of gynecologists about the effect of periodontal diseases on pregnancy outcomes with their work experience. The mean performance scores of OBG specialists and residents was 51.13±31.1 and 41.9±28.8, respectively, with no significant difference. There was no significant relationship between the referral behaviors of OBG specialists and their work experience. Conclusion: The awareness of OBG specialists and residents about the correlation between pregnancy and gingival disease was good, but their performance was moderate. Attendance of OBG specialists and residents to retraining courses will improve their awareness and performance. http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-220-en.pdf Work Performance Knowledge Periodontal Diseases Obstetric Deliveries Gynecology Pregnancy Complications eng Islamic Azad University Dental Branch Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences 2588-4166 2383-2754 2018-10 3 4 38 42 article SH Emami Meibodi emami2@gmail.com 1 MA Narimani info@dr_narimani.com 2 F Sarkarat farzin@sarkarat.com 3 P Omidsalar parmis.omidsalar@yahoo.com 4 Department of Orthodontics, Dental Faculty Department of Orthodontics, Dental Faculty Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Dental Faculty Dentist Abstract Background and Aim: To date, the possibility of any correlation between pathological problems associated with cervical vertebral fusion and long facial pattern has been limitedly assessed. The aim of the present study was to find the correlation between the risk of fusion in cervical vertebrae and long facial pattern in adults. Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, 80 lateral cephalograms with proper density and contrast were selected. The vertical facial dimension was analyzed to determine normal and long face patterns and to divide the samples into control and case groups, respectively. Cervical vertebrae were observed to detect the continuance of radiopacity between cervical vertebrae, which is considered as a risk of fusion. Data were transferred to SPSS software, and Pearson's chi-squared test was used to detect the correlation between cervical vertebral fusion and the vertical facial pattern. Results: The analysis of the data showed that the number of samples with fusion was higher in long face samples than in samples with normal vertical facial dimensions. Pearson's chi-squared test revealed a correlation between the vertical facial pattern and the risk of fusion in cervical vertebrae (P<0.001). Conclusion: According to the results, there is a correlation between an increase in the vertical facial dimension and the prevalence of cervical vertebral fusion. Keywords: Adult, Cephalometry, Cervical Vertebrae, Vertebral Fusion http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-221-en.pdf Adult Cephalometry Cervical Vertebrae Vertebral Fusion eng Islamic Azad University Dental Branch Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences 2588-4166 2383-2754 2018-10 3 4 43 48 article F Sarkarat sarkarat@hotmail.com 1 R Kahali roozbehkahali@kahaliroozbeh.com 2 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dept, Dental Faculty Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dept, Dental Faculty Coronoid process hyperplasia is the enlargement of the coronoid processes and may lead to their impingement upon the zygomatic arch and limitation of the mouth opening. It can be unilateral or bilateral and usually affects men in the second decade of life. The etiology of the coronoid process hyperplasia is unknown. The aim of treatment is to restore the mouth opening and the only available treatment is surgery. Intraoral coronoidectomy has been suggested as the treatment of choice. Although the immediate increase in jaw mobility is gained after surgery, proper post-operative rehabilitation and physical therapy is necessary to maintain the mouth opening. http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-218-en.pdf Coronoid Process Hyperplasia Trismus Temporomandibular Joint Disorders