Volume 1, Issue 3 (7-2016)
J Res Dent Maxillofac Sci 2016, 1(3): 28-32 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Azizi A, Dabirmoghadam P, Keykha F. Comparison of the Concentration of Salivary IL-8 in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Healthy Subjects. J Res Dent Maxillofac Sci 2016; 1 (3) :28-32
URL: http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-128-en.html
URL: http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-128-en.html
1- Professor, Oral Medicine Dept, Dental Branch of Tehran, Islamic Azad University,Tehran, Iran , drarashazizi@yahoo.com
2- Assistant professor, Otolaryngology Research center, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- Tehran
2- Assistant professor, Otolaryngology Research center, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranTehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- Tehran
Full-Text [PDF 313 kb]
(1415 Downloads)
| Abstract (HTML) (5286 Views)
Abstract
Background and aim: oral cancer is one of the most common cancers of the head and neck. Considering the high prevalence and mortality percentage of oral cancer and the significant advances in immunology and identification of different cytokines, the aim of the present study was to compare the concentration of IL8 in saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and healthy subjects.
Materials and methods: in this case-control study, 20 individuals with a definite histopathology diagnosis of OSCC were selected as the case group and 20 healthy subjects were selected as the control group. The two groups were matched according to age, gender, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, medication consumption, periodontal disease (average CAL in first molars) and absence of systemic diseases. 5 ml of unstimulated whole saliva sample was collected with spitting method from each subject and the concentrations of salivary IL8 were compared between the two groups. Linear regression and t-test were used for statistical analysis.
Results: the concentration of IL8 equaled 741.82±122.81 pg/ml in the case group and 341.25±83.52 pg/ml in the control group and t- test showed that the concentration of IL8 in patients with OSCC is higher than that in the control subjects and this difference is significant. (p=0.049) According to regression equation, IL8 has a significant correlation with tumor size index (T). (p=0.011)
Conclusion: the results of this study showed that the concentrations of salivary IL8 were significantly different between the patients with OSCC and healthy subjects (p=0.049) and the concentration of IL8 has a significant correlation with tumor size (T).
Keywords: Interleukin-8, oral squamous cell carcinoma, saliva
Introduction
Oral cancer is one of the most common head and neck cancers. Different factors are involved in the development of these cancers including alcohol, tobacco, chronic inflammation, viral infections and genetic predisposition. (1) Since the prevalence and mortality percentage of oral cancer have increased during the last 30 years and considering the irreversible damages and complications caused by this disease in patients and consequently in the society, screening methods which reveal the premalignant and malignant stages before the incidence of the visible lesion are of special importance. (1, 2)
Nowadays, with significant advances in immunology field and identification of different cytokines and other mediators of immune reactions, diagnostic tests such as Enzyme Linked Immune Assay (ELISA) have extremely high sensitivity and accuracy for tracing the cytokine in a very small sample surface. (3)
Saliva is a suitable and accessible sample and most importantly, the sampling process doesn’t cause any stress or inconvenience for subjects. On the other hand, saliva contains measurable concentrations of cytokines and has more advantages than hematologic tests. Interleukin 8 (IL8) is a mediator from the cytokine family with inflammatory and angiogenic characteristics which is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and induces chemotaxis in lymphocytes and neutrophils. (4) A study by Sahebjamee and colleagues showed that the concentration of IL8 is not significantly different in OSCC patients and healthy subjects. (5) Osman performed a research about the use of salivary and serum IL8 cytokines for SCC screening and concluded that salivary IL8 has high sensitivity and specificity for prediction of OSCC. (6) Considering the controversial results regarding the concentration of IL8 in oral cancer, the present study aimed to assess the concentration of IL8 in cancer patients and healthy subjects.
Materials and methods
In this case-control study, patients with OSCC that referred to the oral medicine department and Amiralam hospital from 2013 to 2014 were selected.
Considering the results of the study by Osman et al and with the use of the submenu of comparison of two averages from the volume and sample determination menu of Minitab software and by considering α=0.05 and β=0.2, average standard deviation of 1.24 and minimum significant difference equal to one (1), the minimum sample size required in each group (case and control) was calculated to be 20 samples. (6)
Patients in the case group were individuals with a definite clinical and histopathology diagnosis of oral cancer. The control group was comprised of 20 healthy subjects without oral cancer that were matched with the case group according to age and gender. In oral cancer patients, TNM was assessed as described below and was registered in patient files. (7)
T0: No evidence of primary tumor
Tis: Carcinoma in situ
T1: Tumor 2cm or less in greatest dimension
T2: Tumor more than 2cm but not more than 4cm in greatest dimension
T3: Tumor more than 4cm in greatest dimension
T4: Massive tumor with deep invasion into bone, muscle, skin, etc.
N0: No regional lymph node metastasis
N1: Single, homolateral palpable node<3cm in diameter
N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension
N3: Metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension; or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes ,none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension ;or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes ,none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension
M0: No known distant metastasis
M1: Distant metastasis
The two groups were matched according to age, gender, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, medication consumption, periodontal disease (average CAL in first molars) and absence of systemic diseases. The subjects of the case group had not received any treatments including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery or alternative treatments. (8) After explaining the research to the patients, written consent forms were received. Moreover, the study protocol has been approved by the medical ethics committee of dental branch of Tehran Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences. (Code :p/320/d/1)
5 ml of unstimulated whole saliva sample was collected with spitting method from each subject.
All subjects were asked to refrain from eating, drinking, and smoking and oral hygiene methods for at least one hour before saliva collection. ELISA test and Bender Medsystems kit (Vienna, Austria) were used for measurement of IL8 concentration. The standard range of IL8 in the mentioned kit is 30-1500 pg/ml.
T-test was used for comparing the concentration of IL8 and linear regression equation was applied for assessing the effect of different factors on the concentration of IL8.
Results
40 individuals were selected for the present study. 20 patients had OSCC and 20 healthy subjects were placed in the control group and the subjects were matched according to the mentioned indices. Based on the performed analyses, the two groups were not significantly different regarding the indices. (p>0.05)
Table 1- Status of individuals in the assessed groups based on the age and OSCC size
The concentration of IL8 equaled 741.82±122.81 pg/ml in the case group and 341.25±83.52 pg/ml in the control group and t-test showed that the concentration of IL8 in patients with OSCC is higher than that in the control subjects and this difference is significant. (p=0.049) According to regression equation, IL8 has a significant correlation with tumor size index (T) (p=0.011), which means that concentration of IL8 is higher in larger tumors and shows that the concentration of IL8 is correlated not only with tumor but also with tumor size. IL8 was not significantly correlated with factors such as age (p=0.902), gender (p=0.959), smoking (p=0.939), alcohol consumption (p=0.964), systemic disease (p=0.752), medication consumption (p=0.849), periodontal disease (p=0.957), radiotherapy (p=0.984), metastasis (p=0.97) and lymph node involvement (p=0.98).
Discussion
The present study showed that the difference in the concentration of IL8 in the two assessed groups (case and control) was statistically significant, in a way that the concentration of IL8 in the case group with OSCC was higher than that in the control group. (p=0.049) Moreover, the concentration of IL8 was directly correlated with tumor size (T).
Oral cancers especially OSCC comprise 80 to 90% of head and neck cancers and in universal statistics, the 5-year survival rate of head and neck cancers has reached below 50% during the last two decades. (9) SCC is a multistage disease and some authors have related multiple genetic and environmental changes to its incidence. Genetic changes which occur in OSCC can be used as a biomarker for early diagnosis. Most of these changes can be assessed in detached epithelial cells, saliva and serum. (10)
IL8 is a cytokine produced by macrophages and epithelial cells etc. and has a role in angiogenesis. (11)
IL8 secretion has been detected in correlation with different cancers such as Hodgkin syndrome and prostate cancer and also oral cancer. (12)
Table 1- Status of individuals in the assessed groups based on the age and OSCC size
Multiple mechanisms have been proposed for the increased concentration of this IL in different cancers including oral cancer, which are described below:
Epidemiologic studies show that chronic inflammation is correlated with different types of cancer. (13) Inflammation has a major role in the initiation and also development of tumor, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. (14, 15) Although acute inflammation is a defense mechanism for body, chronic inflammation can be correlated with many diseases such as cancer. Many genetic products of cells have been identified in chronic inflammatory conditions which can have major roles in the suppression of apoptosis and also in metastasis, invasion and angiogenesis. Some of these products include cytokines such as TNFα, IL1, COX2, MMP, IL8, and VEGF. (16) When epithelial cells transform to cancer cells, they continue to grow with suppressing the apoptosis process. Also, due to inflammatory pathways, concentration of IL8 will increase which will initiate the development and metastasis of the cancer. (17)
Moreover, many studies have confirmed the production of cytokines like IL8 by cancer cells and the increase of their receptors in premalignant lesions such as Lichen planus (18) and SCC. (19, 20)
IL8 and VEGF which are expressed simultaneously in head and neck carcinoma cells (HNSCCs) and a number of other cells, induce tumoral growth, angiogenesis and metastasis.
On the other hand, in lung cancer CD14 causes the secretion of IL6 and IL8 by inducing alveolar monocytes and macrophages. (21)
In a study by Punyani et al in 2013, IL8 was assessed in saliva of patients with premalignant lesions, oral cancer and healthy subjects and they concluded that the concentration of IL8 was considerably higher in saliva of cancer patients. (p˂0.0001) But the different between healthy subjects and patients with premalignant lesions was not significant. (p=0.738)(22)
In another study by Sahebjamee et al, the concentrations of IL8, IL6, IL1α and TNFα were compared between OSCC patients and healthy subjects. They concluded that although the concentration of IL8 was higher in the case group compared with the control group, but this difference was not significant. (p>0.05)(5). This conclusion is not in line with the results of the present study. This difference can be attributed to the fact that Sahebjamee et al did not eliminate the confounding factors that can influence IL8. While some of the advantages of our study include the elimination of other confounding factors that could increase IL8, and the homogenization of factors like age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, periodontal disease and absence of systemic diseases between the individuals of the two groups and also assessing the relation of IL8 with TNM. One of the limitations of the present study was the small sample size.
Conclusion
The results of this study showed that the concentration of salivary IL8 was significantly higher in patients with OSCC compared with healthy subjects and the concentration of IL8 is directly correlated with tumor size (T).
Full-Text: (641 Views)
Abstract
Background and aim: oral cancer is one of the most common cancers of the head and neck. Considering the high prevalence and mortality percentage of oral cancer and the significant advances in immunology and identification of different cytokines, the aim of the present study was to compare the concentration of IL8 in saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and healthy subjects.
Materials and methods: in this case-control study, 20 individuals with a definite histopathology diagnosis of OSCC were selected as the case group and 20 healthy subjects were selected as the control group. The two groups were matched according to age, gender, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, medication consumption, periodontal disease (average CAL in first molars) and absence of systemic diseases. 5 ml of unstimulated whole saliva sample was collected with spitting method from each subject and the concentrations of salivary IL8 were compared between the two groups. Linear regression and t-test were used for statistical analysis.
Results: the concentration of IL8 equaled 741.82±122.81 pg/ml in the case group and 341.25±83.52 pg/ml in the control group and t- test showed that the concentration of IL8 in patients with OSCC is higher than that in the control subjects and this difference is significant. (p=0.049) According to regression equation, IL8 has a significant correlation with tumor size index (T). (p=0.011)
Conclusion: the results of this study showed that the concentrations of salivary IL8 were significantly different between the patients with OSCC and healthy subjects (p=0.049) and the concentration of IL8 has a significant correlation with tumor size (T).
Keywords: Interleukin-8, oral squamous cell carcinoma, saliva
Introduction
Oral cancer is one of the most common head and neck cancers. Different factors are involved in the development of these cancers including alcohol, tobacco, chronic inflammation, viral infections and genetic predisposition. (1) Since the prevalence and mortality percentage of oral cancer have increased during the last 30 years and considering the irreversible damages and complications caused by this disease in patients and consequently in the society, screening methods which reveal the premalignant and malignant stages before the incidence of the visible lesion are of special importance. (1, 2)
Nowadays, with significant advances in immunology field and identification of different cytokines and other mediators of immune reactions, diagnostic tests such as Enzyme Linked Immune Assay (ELISA) have extremely high sensitivity and accuracy for tracing the cytokine in a very small sample surface. (3)
Saliva is a suitable and accessible sample and most importantly, the sampling process doesn’t cause any stress or inconvenience for subjects. On the other hand, saliva contains measurable concentrations of cytokines and has more advantages than hematologic tests. Interleukin 8 (IL8) is a mediator from the cytokine family with inflammatory and angiogenic characteristics which is secreted by monocytes and macrophages and induces chemotaxis in lymphocytes and neutrophils. (4) A study by Sahebjamee and colleagues showed that the concentration of IL8 is not significantly different in OSCC patients and healthy subjects. (5) Osman performed a research about the use of salivary and serum IL8 cytokines for SCC screening and concluded that salivary IL8 has high sensitivity and specificity for prediction of OSCC. (6) Considering the controversial results regarding the concentration of IL8 in oral cancer, the present study aimed to assess the concentration of IL8 in cancer patients and healthy subjects.
Materials and methods
In this case-control study, patients with OSCC that referred to the oral medicine department and Amiralam hospital from 2013 to 2014 were selected.
Considering the results of the study by Osman et al and with the use of the submenu of comparison of two averages from the volume and sample determination menu of Minitab software and by considering α=0.05 and β=0.2, average standard deviation of 1.24 and minimum significant difference equal to one (1), the minimum sample size required in each group (case and control) was calculated to be 20 samples. (6)
Patients in the case group were individuals with a definite clinical and histopathology diagnosis of oral cancer. The control group was comprised of 20 healthy subjects without oral cancer that were matched with the case group according to age and gender. In oral cancer patients, TNM was assessed as described below and was registered in patient files. (7)
T0: No evidence of primary tumor
Tis: Carcinoma in situ
T1: Tumor 2cm or less in greatest dimension
T2: Tumor more than 2cm but not more than 4cm in greatest dimension
T3: Tumor more than 4cm in greatest dimension
T4: Massive tumor with deep invasion into bone, muscle, skin, etc.
N0: No regional lymph node metastasis
N1: Single, homolateral palpable node<3cm in diameter
N2: Metastasis in a single ipsilateral lymph node, more than 3 cm but not more than 6 cm in greatest dimension
N3: Metastasis in a lymph node more than 6 cm in greatest dimension; or in multiple ipsilateral lymph nodes ,none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension ;or in bilateral or contralateral lymph nodes ,none more than 6 cm in greatest dimension
M0: No known distant metastasis
M1: Distant metastasis
The two groups were matched according to age, gender, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, medication consumption, periodontal disease (average CAL in first molars) and absence of systemic diseases. The subjects of the case group had not received any treatments including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery or alternative treatments. (8) After explaining the research to the patients, written consent forms were received. Moreover, the study protocol has been approved by the medical ethics committee of dental branch of Tehran Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences. (Code :p/320/d/1)
5 ml of unstimulated whole saliva sample was collected with spitting method from each subject.
All subjects were asked to refrain from eating, drinking, and smoking and oral hygiene methods for at least one hour before saliva collection. ELISA test and Bender Medsystems kit (Vienna, Austria) were used for measurement of IL8 concentration. The standard range of IL8 in the mentioned kit is 30-1500 pg/ml.
T-test was used for comparing the concentration of IL8 and linear regression equation was applied for assessing the effect of different factors on the concentration of IL8.
Results
40 individuals were selected for the present study. 20 patients had OSCC and 20 healthy subjects were placed in the control group and the subjects were matched according to the mentioned indices. Based on the performed analyses, the two groups were not significantly different regarding the indices. (p>0.05)
Table 1- Status of individuals in the assessed groups based on the age and OSCC size
The concentration of IL8 equaled 741.82±122.81 pg/ml in the case group and 341.25±83.52 pg/ml in the control group and t-test showed that the concentration of IL8 in patients with OSCC is higher than that in the control subjects and this difference is significant. (p=0.049) According to regression equation, IL8 has a significant correlation with tumor size index (T) (p=0.011), which means that concentration of IL8 is higher in larger tumors and shows that the concentration of IL8 is correlated not only with tumor but also with tumor size. IL8 was not significantly correlated with factors such as age (p=0.902), gender (p=0.959), smoking (p=0.939), alcohol consumption (p=0.964), systemic disease (p=0.752), medication consumption (p=0.849), periodontal disease (p=0.957), radiotherapy (p=0.984), metastasis (p=0.97) and lymph node involvement (p=0.98).
Discussion
The present study showed that the difference in the concentration of IL8 in the two assessed groups (case and control) was statistically significant, in a way that the concentration of IL8 in the case group with OSCC was higher than that in the control group. (p=0.049) Moreover, the concentration of IL8 was directly correlated with tumor size (T).
Oral cancers especially OSCC comprise 80 to 90% of head and neck cancers and in universal statistics, the 5-year survival rate of head and neck cancers has reached below 50% during the last two decades. (9) SCC is a multistage disease and some authors have related multiple genetic and environmental changes to its incidence. Genetic changes which occur in OSCC can be used as a biomarker for early diagnosis. Most of these changes can be assessed in detached epithelial cells, saliva and serum. (10)
IL8 is a cytokine produced by macrophages and epithelial cells etc. and has a role in angiogenesis. (11)
IL8 secretion has been detected in correlation with different cancers such as Hodgkin syndrome and prostate cancer and also oral cancer. (12)
Table 1- Status of individuals in the assessed groups based on the age and OSCC size
Multiple mechanisms have been proposed for the increased concentration of this IL in different cancers including oral cancer, which are described below:
Epidemiologic studies show that chronic inflammation is correlated with different types of cancer. (13) Inflammation has a major role in the initiation and also development of tumor, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. (14, 15) Although acute inflammation is a defense mechanism for body, chronic inflammation can be correlated with many diseases such as cancer. Many genetic products of cells have been identified in chronic inflammatory conditions which can have major roles in the suppression of apoptosis and also in metastasis, invasion and angiogenesis. Some of these products include cytokines such as TNFα, IL1, COX2, MMP, IL8, and VEGF. (16) When epithelial cells transform to cancer cells, they continue to grow with suppressing the apoptosis process. Also, due to inflammatory pathways, concentration of IL8 will increase which will initiate the development and metastasis of the cancer. (17)
Moreover, many studies have confirmed the production of cytokines like IL8 by cancer cells and the increase of their receptors in premalignant lesions such as Lichen planus (18) and SCC. (19, 20)
IL8 and VEGF which are expressed simultaneously in head and neck carcinoma cells (HNSCCs) and a number of other cells, induce tumoral growth, angiogenesis and metastasis.
On the other hand, in lung cancer CD14 causes the secretion of IL6 and IL8 by inducing alveolar monocytes and macrophages. (21)
In a study by Punyani et al in 2013, IL8 was assessed in saliva of patients with premalignant lesions, oral cancer and healthy subjects and they concluded that the concentration of IL8 was considerably higher in saliva of cancer patients. (p˂0.0001) But the different between healthy subjects and patients with premalignant lesions was not significant. (p=0.738)(22)
In another study by Sahebjamee et al, the concentrations of IL8, IL6, IL1α and TNFα were compared between OSCC patients and healthy subjects. They concluded that although the concentration of IL8 was higher in the case group compared with the control group, but this difference was not significant. (p>0.05)(5). This conclusion is not in line with the results of the present study. This difference can be attributed to the fact that Sahebjamee et al did not eliminate the confounding factors that can influence IL8. While some of the advantages of our study include the elimination of other confounding factors that could increase IL8, and the homogenization of factors like age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, periodontal disease and absence of systemic diseases between the individuals of the two groups and also assessing the relation of IL8 with TNM. One of the limitations of the present study was the small sample size.
Conclusion
The results of this study showed that the concentration of salivary IL8 was significantly higher in patients with OSCC compared with healthy subjects and the concentration of IL8 is directly correlated with tumor size (T).
Type of Study: Original article |
Subject:
Oral medicine
References
1. Tomikoshi Y, Nomura M,Okudaira N,Sakagami H,Wakabayashi H.Enhancement of cytotoxicity of three Apoptosis-inducing agents against human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line by Benzoxazinotropone. In Vivo 2016;30(5):645-50.
2. Li Y,Cui JT.Inhibition of Bcl-2 potentiates AZD-2014 induced anti-head and neck squamous cell carcinomacell activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016 ;477(4);607-13.
3. Terato K,Do C,Chang J, Waritani T.Preventing further minuse of the elisa technique and misinterpretation of serological antibody assay data. Vaccine 2016;34(39):4643-4.
4. Martin JL, Gottehrer N, Zalesin H,Hoff PT,Shaw M,Clarkson JH and et al.Evaluation of salivary transcriptome markers for the early detection of oral squamous cell cancer in a prospective blinded trial. Compend contin educ Dent 2015;36(5):365-73.
5. Sahebjamee M, Eslami M, AtarbashiMoghadam F, Sarafinejad A. Salivary concentration of TNF alpha ,IL1 alpha,IL6,and IL8 in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2008;13(5):E292-5.
6. Osman TA,Costea DE,Johannessen AC. The use of salivary cytokines as a screening tool for oral squamous cell carcinoma: Areview of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2012;16(2);256-61.
7. Ward MJ,Mellows T,Harris S,Webb A,Patel NN,Cox HJ and et al.Staging and treatment of oropharyngeal cancer in the human papillomavirus era. Head Neck 2015;37(7):1002-13.
8. Azizi A,Rezaei M.Prevalence of candida species in the oral cavity of patients undergoing head and neck radiotherapy. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2009;3(3):78-81.
9. Sadri D,Azizi A,Farhadi S, Shokrgozar H, Entezari N .Head and neck metastatic tumors:a retrospective survey of Iranian patients .J Dent(shiraz) 2015;16(1):17-21.
10. 10 –Su KJ,Lin CW,Chen MK,Yang SF.YU YL.Effects of EZH2 promoter polymorphisms and methylation status on oral squamous cell carcinoma susceptibility and pathology.Am J Cancer Res 2015;5(11):3475-84.
11. Murphy PM,Tiffany HL. Cloning of complementary DNA encoding a functional human interleukin-8 receptor. Science .1991.253:1280-1283. J Immunol. 2009; 183(5):2898-901.
12. Yang CY,Brooks E,Li Y,Denny P,Ho CM,Qi F and et al. Detection of picomolar levels of interleukin-8 in human saliva by SPR. Lab Chip 2005;5(10):1017-23.
13. Allin KH,Bojesen SE,Nordestgaard BG.Inflammatory biomarkers and risk of cancer in 84,000 individuals from the general population. Int J Cancer 2016;139(7):1493-500.
14. Azizi A,Ranjbari A,Ghafari MA,Jahan F. Comparative evaluation of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)levels in periodontal disease.J Isfahan Dent Sch2011;7(3):271-77
15. Azizi A,Lawaf S.The management of oral pemphigus vulgaris with systemic corticosteroid and dapsone.J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects2008;2(1):33-7.
16. Aggarwal BB, Gehlot P. Inflammation and cancer: how friendly is the relationship For cancer patients? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009; 9(4): 351-69.
17. Brat DJ, Bellail AC, Van Meir EG. The role of interleukin-8 and its receptors in gliomagenesis and tumoral angiogenesis. Neuro oncol 2005;7(2): 122-133.
18. Azizi A, Lawaf S. The comparison of efficacy of adcortyl ointment and topical tacrolimus I treatment of erosive oral lichen planus. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2007;1(3):99-102.
19. Boxman I L, Ruwhof C, Boerman OC, Löwik C W, Ponec M. Role of fibroblasts in the regulation of proinflammatory interleukin IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 levels induced by keratinocyte-derived IL-1. Arch Dermatol Res 1996;288(7): 391-8.
20. Dentener MA, Bazil V, Von Asmuth EJ, Ceska M, Buurman WA. Involvement of CD14 in lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6 and IL-8 release by human monocytes and alveolar macrophages. J Immunol 1993:150(7);2885-91.
21. Punyani SR ,Sathawane RS: Salivary level of interleukin-8 in oral precancer and squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Oral investig 2013:17(2);517-24.
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
