Volume 1, Issue 1 (1-2016)                   J Res Dent Maxillofac Sci 2016, 1(1): 34-39 | Back to browse issues page


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Dehghani M, Montazer lotf elahi H, Moeini M, Bardal R. Comparing the Accuracy of Cone Beam Computed Tomography,Digital Intraoral Radiography and Conventional Intraoral Radiography in the Measurement of Periodontal Bone Defects. J Res Dent Maxillofac Sci 2016; 1 (1) :34-39
URL: http://jrdms.dentaliau.ac.ir/article-1-89-en.html
1- Assistant Professor, Radiology Dept, Yazd University of Medical Sciences.
2- MD. Fellowship of Pediatric Neurology, Pediatrics Dept, Tehran University of Medical Science
3- Oral & Maxillofacial Radiologist
4- Assistant Professor, Radiology Dept, Gazvin University of Medical Sciences.
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Abstract


Background and aim: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) produces high-quality data in periodontal diagnosis and treatment planning. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of CBCT with intraoral digital and conventional radiography in the measurement of periodontal bone defects.
Materials and Methods: In this diagnostic research, two-hundred and eighteen artificial osseous defects (buccal and lingual infrabony, inter proximal, horizontal, crater, dehiscence and fenestration defects) were created on 13 dry mandibles. CBCT scanning, radiography with parallel technique by conventional film and digital sensor were compared with standard reference (digital caliper). Inter and intra observer agreement were assessed using Intra class correlation coefficient and Pearson correlation. Paired T-Test was applied for comparison of absolute differences of conventional and digital intraoral radiography and CBCT measurements with gold standard. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS® v13.0 statistical software.
Results: Inter and intra observer agreement were high for CBCT (ICC>88%) but moderate for intraoral conventional radiography (ICC>54%) and digital radiography (73%). No significant differences were detected between the observers for all techniques (P> 0.05). According to Paired T-test, mean difference for CBCT technique (0.01 mm) was lower than that of the digital radiography (0.47) and the conventional radiography (0.63). CBCT was able to measure all lesion types, but intraoral radiography did not allow the measurement of buccal and lingual defects.
Conclusions: the results of this study showed that the studied radiographic modalities are useful in identifying the periodontal bone defects. CBCT technique showed the highest accuracy in the measurement of periodontal bone defects compared with digital and conventional intraoral radiography.
Key Words: Cone beam computed tomography; dental radiography; digital radiography; periodontal disease.


Introduction


Early detection of periodontal disease is important to prevent tooth loss (1). The incidence of this disease has increased (2) and has been estimated to be about 30% in western countries (3). 3D observation and the ability to measure the different aspects of alveolar bone are important in the detection of periodontal disease. Previous studies have shown that the height of alveolar bone is more useful in determining the treatment protocol and prognosis compared with the measurements made from CEJ or the depth of intra osseous lesions. (4). although, different diagnostic techniques including probing and radiologic methods such as panoramic, bitewing and periapical radiography have been introduced, but providing a two dimensional view is the major limitation of these methods (5, 6). Computed tomography can overcome this limitation by providing three-dimensional data. (5) However, disadvantages such as higher radiation dose, high cost and low diagnostic resolution led the scientists to implement a more accurate diagnostic modality. Nowadays, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is being used in many dentistry fields.(6) Several studies have evaluated the accuracy of this modality (1-5, 7, 8). Although all these studies have shown the appropriate accuracy of this method, small sample size is their major limitation. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of CBCT, intraoral digital radiography and intraoral conventional radiography in the detection of periodontal infrabony defects.


Materials and methods


This diagnostic research was conducted on thirteen dry human mandibles at the anatomy department of Yazd and Hamadan universities of medical sciences. Two hundred and eight defects were formed in the dry mandibles (5). These defects had nine different types including: (three-wall (n=19), two-wall (n=16) and one-wall (n=14) lesions, horizontal buccal and lingual bone lesions (n=57), dehiscence (n=15), fenestration (n=15), buccal and lingual furcation involvement (n=30), even and uneven craters (n=25), buccal and lingual infrabony defects (n=17). These defects were formed with 1and 0/8 Fissure burs and ½ and ¼ round burs.(5) (Figure 1)
Figure 1-1: dry mandible
Figure 1-2: infrabony lesion
Figure 1-3: infrabony lesion


In order to signify the occlusion surface, an orthodontic wire was used as a marker. For all lesions, the orthodontic wire was a reference point except for horizontal lesions which their reference point was at the CEJ. The measurements in this study were done with a modified digital caliper (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Digital collis

The caliper was entered into the depth of defects with a 0.6 mm orthodontic wire. For determining the horizontal defects in buccal or lingual surfaces, measurements were done in three zones: mesio-buccal, mid-buccal, and disto-buccal. The deepest level was recorded. (5) For evaluation of bone destruction in dehiscence and in buccal, lingual and interproximal infrabony lesions, the deepest level was recorded. In fenestrations we measured the mesio-distal transversal length. For crater defects, the deepest space between the orthodontic wire and bottom of the crater was measured. If the crater was uneven, the difference between buccal and lingual surfaces was also measured.
Before taking any radiographs, the mandibles were entered into a plexi glass box filled with water in order to simulate soft tissue. (8) Images were taken with Planmeca Prostyle device (Helsinki, Finland) using long cone and parallel method with XCP film holder and E-Speed Kodak size 2 films (vee key brothers, Panjabi, India). Focal spot-object distance was 30 cm.  Radiographic parameters were KVP=60 and mAs= 0.25 for posterior teeth and KVP=60 and mAs=0.20 for anterior teeth. The radiographs were processed in an automatic processor (Hope, America) in fresh processing solutions (champion, licensed by England) in a labyrinthine darkened chamber equipped with a safety lamp (GBX-2; Kodak, Estman Kodak campany, USA). The measurements were made on view box with a digital caliper (Figure 3).

Figure 3:Intraoral images with parallel method from periodontal lesion by Kodak film(a) and  PSP(b).

In digital radiographic method, we used PSP sensors and the intraoral radiographs were taken with ProlinX device (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) using long cone and parallel method with XCP film holder. Focal spot-object distance was 30 cm. Radiographic parameters were KVP=60 and mAs= 0.10 for posterior teeth and KVP=60 and mAs=0.06 for anterior teeth. The digitized radiographic images were transferred to the Scanora software (Soredex, Finland). After calibration of the linear distance measuring tool, the depths of the lesions were evaluated.
CBCT scans were made by Promax 3D device (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland)
Figure 4: CBCT unit
 
 with the following parameters: Field of view=8ˣ8cm, KVP =70, mA=6, T=12.083 s, Resolution= 0.125.  Each radiograph was analyzed twice by Two maxillofacial radiologists in a time interval separated by one month. Data Were recorded in the designated lists.  
After collecting the data, measurements were compared with the reference using Paired T- test (SPSS® v13.0 statistical software). The validity and reliability of each technique were determined twice by a maxillofacial radiologist and a trained resident.  Correlation coefficient and Pearson correlation were evaluated and intra and inter observer agreement were measured. The values of 0.4-0.6, 0.6-0.8 and 0.8-1.0 were representative of moderate, good and high agreement, respectively.


Results

Inter observer agreement on the detection of all lesions was 92%. In CBCT method, Pearson correlation was 87%. Digital radiography technique had ICC > 73% and Pearson correlation > 23%. Conventional intraoral radiography had ICC > 54% and Pearson correlation >23%. The results showed that a good agreement existed between CBCT technique and the golden standard in contrast to intraoral digital and conventional radiography. (Table 1) .The results of Paired T-Test showed that the accuracy of CBCT is higher than that of the other methods. However, no significant statistical difference was detected (P > 0.05). (Table 1)
Table 1- Comparison of the pearson correlation, mean difference and discrepancy of CBCT, digital and conventional intraoral radiography

With an acceptable discrepancy of 0.5 to 1mm, CBCT provided more reliable results than other diagnostic methods. (Table1) In all the measurements, CBCT was 61/8% more accurate than the golden standard while intraoral digital and conventional radiography were 53/6% and 61/7% less accurate than the reference. 


Discussion

Previous studies have demonstrated the reliability of CBCT in implant placement, orthodontics and surgery. Only few studies have evaluated this method in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases. Studies that have evaluated the extent of vertical alveolar bone defects have also showed that there was a good agreement between radiographic and clinical findings. (9,10) Probing and two dimensional views of radiographic images provide limited information and cannot visualize the buccal and lingual defects. (6) CBCT technology with three dimensional views has resolved the mentioned limitations. (1) Misch et al stated that measurements with CBCT are as accurate as direct measurements using a periodontal probe and as reliable as intraoral radiographs in interproximal areas. (5)
Mol et al stated that if buccal and lingual defects were not detectable with intraoral radiography, CBCT could be considered as the best technique. Considering the various benefits, CBCT is currently being considered as the best diagnostic modality in periodontology (4).
Mol and Balasundaram compared image quality between CBCT and intraoral radiography in the evaluation of alveolar bone levels. They concluded that CBCT provided slightly better diagnostic and quantitative information on bone levels in three dimensional views compared with conventional radiography. (4)
In our study, considering the limitations of two dimensional views, the validity was found in average value.  CBCT method showed a good validity which was in agreement with previous reports. (4, 5, 8) Considering Pearson Correlation results, there was a good correlation between CBCT scans and the reference in the detection of bone lesions. However, a weak correlation was found between digital and conventional intraoral radiographic methods with the golden standard. Our findings supported the findings of the study by Misch (CBCT: 0/62 and film: 0/53)]. (5)
Our study showed smaller standard deviation for CBCT compared with other methods. This result indicated the higher accuracy of CBCT. The mean difference between CBCT findings and the reference was 0.01 mm versus 0.63 mm for intraoral radiography.
 In a study by Misch and colleagues, the accuracy of intraoral radiography was reported higher compared with that of CBCT and probing (5). This difference can be attributed to different diagnostic methods. They suggested CEJ as a reference point and used Gutta percha as a depth measurement guidance. This reference point may change the results because CBCT is not efficient in detecting the CEJ. Using Gutta percha in in-vitro studies can mend the limitations of intraoral radiography and may lead to false accuracy of these radiographic images.
Vanderberghe and colleagues in 2007 showed the difference between the reference and CBCT and digital radiography to be 0.13-1.67 mm and 0.19-1.66 mm, respectively (8). We found a higher accuracy for CBCT compared with their findings. This controversy can be attributed to the differences in the applied methods. Gutta percha was used transversally in CEJ line in buccal and lingual views. Therefore, the depth was determined as a space between a point and a line. In the present study, we used an orthodontic wire at the occlusal surface. Therefore, the depth was measured as a space between two points. Our method modulates the limitations.
Bonadkar in 2015 showed that there was a very high correlation of 0.988 between surgical and CBCT measurements (11). Numerous studies have reported that CBCT images can provide measurements of periodontal bone levels and defects comparable with that of intraoral radiography (5, 8). If a discrepancy of about 0.5 to 1 mm is acceptable, the accuracy of CBCT scans would be 65% and 92% for 0.5 and 1 mm, respectively. Our findings supported the findings of Vanderberghe and colleagues. (8)
Leung et al reported that CBCT measurements were not as accurate as direct measurements on skulls but a certain discrepancy between the direct measurements and the estimated measurements of CBCT has to be considered as clinically acceptable. (1, 12)
Furthermore, the diagnostic ability of CBCT has improved with the development of advanced equipment and software. A recent study showed that an improved quantification of periodontal bone defects has been achieved based on CBCT datasets using new software. (13)
The depth of infrabony lesions in inter proximal surfaces was determined more accurately in CBCT scans compared with intraoral radiography. The standard deviations of CBCT and intraoral radiography were determined to be 0.13 and 0.26, respectively. The high accuracy of CBCT scan was due to its ability to produce panoramic views from different sections of teeth; for example, buccal, lingual, mid buccal and mid lingual aspects and cross sectional slices. However, in two dimensional radiographs the depth was measured in one view.
 Our finding was in agreement with the study by Mengel and colleagues (7). In their study, intraoral and panoramic radiography could only visualize mesio-distal lesions and had higher standard deviations than CBCT. The 3D images are ideal for evaluating the infrabony defects and assessing the treatment outcomes. (14)
In horizontal lesions, intraoral radiography could not distinguish between the buccal and lingual surfaces. However, the bone lesion was measured with the aid of different bone densities in buccal and lingual cortical plates. In horizontal lesions, the point of CEJ can be useful for determining the bone lesion.
 Intraoral radiographic methods had a higher spatial resolution versus CBCT and could signify the CEJ point more accurately. Our findings support the findings of Mol and colleagues (4).
CBCT was more accurate than intraoral digital and conventional radiographs in the detection of crater lesions. Vandenberghe et al concluded that intraoral radiography was significantly better in contrast, depiction of bone quality and delineation of lamina dura, but CBCT was superior in diagnosing crater defects and furcation involvements. (1) Digital and conventional radiographs failed to detect dehiscence and infrabony lesions. CBCT could measure vertical lesions more accurately than horizontal lesions. This finding was not in agreement with the study by bonadkar. (10)


Conclusions

All the studied radiographic modalities are useful in identifying the periodontal bone defects. CBCT technique showed the highest accuracy in the measurement of periodontal bone defects compared with digital and conventional intraoral radiography. Decision regarding the application of CBCT in periodontology should be made after careful consideration of its benefits, limitations, and risks.
Type of Study: Original article | Subject: Oral medicine

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